History Of The Competence Versus Performance English Language Essay

History Of The Competence Versus Performance English Language Essay The term was invented by the linguist Dell Hymes in 1966, showing that he dislikes the idea of Noam Chomskys (1965) about using the distinction between competence and performance. To follow Chomskys abstract opinion of competence, Hymes agreed to be responsible for ethnographic exploration of communicative competence that included communicative form and function in integral relation to each other (Leung, 2005). Hymes, who pioneered the approach, now known as the ethnography of communication, it is one of the most important approaches in the oral competence. Many discussions has occurred with regard to linguistic competence and communicative competence in the second and foreign language teaching literature, and many scholars have found communicative competence as a superior model of language following Hymes opposition to Chomskys linguistic competence. This opposition has been adopted by those who seek new directions toward a communicative era by taking for granted the basic motives and the appropriateness of this opposition behind the development of communicative competence. Use in education The study proposes the use of a competency-based approach and presents a detailed process for developing such a course step-by-step, with a focus on students with the needed competencies in English oral communication in the Language School at Uasd. Many studies have talked about the need for English oral communication and a discrepancy between the university English language curriculum and English language requirements for jobs (Phosward 1989; Silpa-Anan 1991; Boonjaipet 1992; Crosling and Ward 2002; Vasavakul 2006). Dominguez and Rokowski (2002) refer to the same issue as the abyss existing between the goals of the academic and the professional world and propose an idea of bridging the gap between English for Academic and Occupational purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an English oral communication course for senior English students. The course emphasizes competencies in English oral communication since English oral skills are reported as the most wanted an d needed for Communication in the classroom. The notion of communicative competence is one of the theories that underlie the communicative approach to foreign language teaching. Especially in the area of speaking, competencies in English oral communication are considered a valuable asset for senior students in the Language School. The course is thus expected to equip senior students with English oral competencies so that they will receive more opportunities when they finish the University. The word communication comes from the Latin word cmmunicare which means that something becomes common (Nilsson, 1990:7). No matter what people are going to do when they meet, whether it is to dine, play or work, they communicate by means of signals, gestures, looks, intonation and words. It is an unavoidable process. Communication includes many things such as sharing information, feelings, thoughts and influences (Nilsson, 1990:7). It is an important social process and functions as a tool for cont act, transfer of ideas, influences and development.. One of the most fascinating characteristics of humans is their ability to communicate, create social reactions and complex societies (Nilsson, 1990:9) Canale and Swain (1980) defined communicative competence in terms of three components: grammatical competence: words and rules sociolinguistic competence: appropriateness strategic competence: appropriate use of communication strategies Canale (1983) refined the above model, adding discourse competence: cohesion and coherence A more recent survey of communicative competence by Bachman (1990) divides it into the broad headings of organizational competence, which includes both grammatical and discourse (or textual) competence, and pragmatic competence, which includes both sociolinguistic and illocutionary competence. Strategic Competence is associated with the interlocutors ability in using communication strategies (Faerch Kasper, 1983; Lin, 2009). Through the influence of communicative language teaching, it has become widely accepted that communicative competence should be the goal of language education, central to good classroom practice. There are many good writers and speakers but few good listeners. Most of us filter the spoken words addressed to us so that we absorb only some of them frequently those we want to hear. Listening is an art which not many people cultivate. But it is a very necessary one, because a good listener will gather more information and achieve better rapport with the other person. And both these effects of good listening are essential to good communication. For oral communication to be effective, it should be clear, relevant, tactful in phraseology and tone, concise, and informative. This is in contrast to previous views in which grammatical competence was commonly given top priority. The understanding of communicative competence has been influenced by the field of pragmatics and the philosophy of la nguage concerning speech acts as described in large part by John Searle and J.L. Austin. Competence versus Performance Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-communication, who know its (the speech communitys) language perfectly and that it is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of this language in actual performance. Chomsky, 1965 Chomsky differentiates competence, which is an idealized capacity, from performance being the production of actual utterances. According to him, competence is the ideal speaker-hearers knowledge of his or her language and it is the mental reality which is responsible for all those aspects of language use which can be characterized as linguistic. Chomsky argues that only under an idealized situation whereby the speaker-hearer is unaffected by grammatically irrelevant conditions such as memory limitations and distractions will performance be a direct reflection of competence. A sample of natural speech consisting of numerous false starts and other deviations will not provide such data. Therefore, he claims that a fundamental distinction has to be made between the competence and performance. Chomsky dismissed criticisms of delimiting the study of performance in favor of the study of underlying competence, as unwarranted and completely misdirected. He claims that the descriptivist limitation-in-principle to classification and organization of data, the extracting patterns from a corpus of observed speech and the describing speech habits etc. are the core factors that preclude the development of a theory of actual performance.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Politics, Public Policy

According to Newman, affirmative action is a â€Å"program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome some institutional racism† (Newman, 536). Affirmative action made its debut with a piece of legislature passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and continues to this day. However, the concept of affirmative action is a controversial issue that continues to be hotly debated. Affirmative action policies are passionately debated by everyone from educators and politicians to ordinary citizens, all who hold differing opinions on both the necessity and validity of the policies. There is no doubt affirmative action is an emotional topic and deals with the sensitive subjective of race, therefore people’s reactions to it are going to be strongly influenced by their own race and person experiences. One group who may support affirmative action are educators. Especially, those who work with poorer minority students and see the obstacles they have to overcome in order to finally get ahead and attend college, unlike their parents. To these educators affirmative action may be seen as a sign of hope for bright, determined minorities. Politicians too may support affirmative action if it is in their political interest to do so. If a politician is running for office in an area with a large minority population that is not well off they would likely support affirmati ve action to gain the votes of the citizens. However, if a politician represented an area that is for the most part racist and unwilling to give opportunities to minorities, politicians will probably reject the idea of affirmative action. In the case of politicians it seems likely their decisions wo... ...uch as â€Å"socioeconomic status, first-generation college status, geographic residency,† or the hardships students have overcome (â€Å"UD.gov†). These factors while not race based would likely ensure a fair amount of minorities were represented. Until institutions and organizations in the United States can choose applicants without bias and minorities have overcome the socioeconomic disadvantages they face, it will be necessary to maintain some form of forced equality, which is what affirmative action provides. Works Cited "GUIDANCE ON THE VOLUNTARY USE OF RACE TO ACHIEVE DIVERSITY IN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION." UD.gov. U.S. Department of Education, 02 Dec 2011. Web. . Newman, David M. Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life. 8 ed. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010. Print.

Character Analysis of Hugo’s Javert Essay

Hugo’s character Javert sees anyone who may have commit a crime as simple as the theft of a loaf of bread as a social malefactor, a blight on all of society, a prime evil who needs to be eliminated, removed from the general population, and a devil that can be neither reformed nor tamed. Javert is the true rationalist. Like Medieval philosophers, he believes that people will naturally resort to evil, and that these people can never be saved or reformed. Javert is the true rationalist because he believes the law is the highest authority, sees Jean Valjean as purely evil, and because he wholeheartedly believes in the infallibility of the law. Javert believes the law is the highest authority throughout Les Miserables. When his character is first described, Hugo states â€Å"It will be easily understood that Javert was the terror of all that class which the annual statistics of the Minister of Justice include under the heading: People without a fixed abode† (57). Javert believes that all of those that live in poverty are destined to be criminals because they are forced to live without being able to satisfy certain wants, and that people, who are naturally bad, will violate the law to satisfy themselves. Javert, quick to punish anyone of a low social status, is also quick to punish himself. When he falsely accuses Monsieur the Mayor of being a convict, he asks to be dismissed. To the Mayor, he says â€Å"I denounced you as a convict- you, a respectable man, a mayor, and a magistrate. This is a serious matter, very serious. I have committed an offense against authority† (69). He believes that he has violated the law and should therefore be punished for it, even though he has proved himself to be a worthy inspector and only is guilty of a minor infraction. He believes that any man, despite any previous or future actions, is inherently evil if he has ever done wrong, so Javert automatically condemns himself because he has commit a crime. Javert also believes that the word of the law always supercedes the word of a normal man. Champmathieu, who denied being Jean Valjean, was, in fact, not him, but Javert was positive that he was because the police had accused him of it. When Champmathieu proclaimed his innocence, Javert said of him â€Å"Champmathieu plays off astonished† because he believes that there is no shadow of a doubt  on whether this man is Jean Valjean. The police accused him of this, so they must be right. The police, because they are the envoy of the law, the supreme judge of character, must not be wrong, they are infallible in his eyes. Javert is a true rationalist because he believes that the law decides what kind of person you are, and the law is the highest authority, and that once judged by the law, a man cannot change. Javert is a rationalist because he believes that man is incapable of reform. Throughout the novel, Javert pursues Jean Valjean because he is a convict who is a danger to society. In M_ sur M_, Jean Valjean showed he was reformed by giving to his fellow man before taking for himself. In M_ sur M_, Jean Valjean made 600,000 francs, but not without giving 1,000,000 to the people of the town. Javert pursues him even though he proved himself to be good for the community. Javert is relentless in his pursuit because he firmly believes that a convict is incapable of reformation because he has shown himself to be a doer of evil, and someone who has done evil is inherently evil. When Jean Valjean saved Cosette from the Thenardiers, he showed that he was capable of love and that he was no longer bitter from years of incarceration. Nevertheless, Javert chases after him because he believes he is still a threat, because of his evil nature. Afterwards, Jean Valjean made it his life’s purpose to raise Cosette and give all his money to the poor, to better their circumstances. When Thenardier intended to kill Jean Valjean, Javert came not to stop a crime in process but to get Jean Valjean. Javert even pursued Jean Valjean after he had spared Javert’s life at the barricade. Even after the innumerable good, selfless deeds that Valjean performed Javert pursued him because he thought Valjean was still and would always be evil, because a man’s soul cannot change, is predestined to good or evil, love or violence. Javert shows he is a rationalist because he is blind to the fact that Valjean has reformed, because it is impossible for a man to do so. Javert shows he is a rationalist because he believes the law is infallible with all his soul. When saved by Valjean, Javert is confronted with a moral dilemma. He knew that he had to bring back Valjean or else he was in violation of his duty, and that if he were to let Valjean be free he would  be equally as evil. Hugo describes this predicament â€Å"Javert felt that something horrible was penetrating his soul, admiration for a convict† (336). Javert felt that he was becoming evil because he empathized with a purely evil man. As he empathized with Valjean, â€Å"all the axioms which had been the supports of his whole life crumbled away† (336). Javert was infected by a terrible disease, compassion. Compassion blinded his objectivity and was rendered an unworthy judge, now he was merely a wretch of a man, with a soul as black as Jean Valjean’s. Because in his mind, the mind of a true rationalist, there was only right and wrong, there were only two ways about this. He could either turn the evil man in or die for aiding and abetting the fugitive. Javert must do either the right, and prove himself true, or do wrong and prove himself evil. He must be either good or evil, because there is no such thing as a gray area, and no such thing as compassion, only seeds of evil in his soul. He was his own judge, jury, and executioner. He killed himself because he had failed before the eyes of the law, he failed to do right and was thus proven evil, and did not deserve to live. For this he was a rationalist. Javert represents the true rationalist in this novel because he believes the law is the highest judge of men. The law is the world’s guiding light and is always true. It is infallible, and the judge, a dispensary of the law, is the direct envoy of God. Jean Valjean is purely evil, and his attempts at repentance are only attempts to get out of trouble and to once again be assimilated into his surroundings, so he can once again do evil. Valjean is only a wolf, attempting to wear a sheep’s skin. His beliefs lead him to be so close minded that he is unable to deal with the fact that the law might be wrong. His mind is his own gallows, because he believes in the supreme power of the law. His rationalist beliefs are his noose, the ultimate cause of his death.

The Role Of Industrial And Organizational Psychology

Throughout the history of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, there have been many techniques and many great minds that have established ideas and methods of the human behavior in a workplace. Industrial and Organizational Psychology focuses on the values and ethics of individuals, groups, and organization behavior, then takes the knowledge that it has acquired in establishing solutions for problems at work. The solutions that have been met to be effective have been put together into a theory of the workplace and how it functions. The theories that have been thought of or brought upon to a particular issue have been verified through many case studies. For example, in a work environment, Rational Economic Theory, Self-Actualization Theory, and Social Assumption Theory are theories used by managers as a way to understand their employees and how they are false assumptions to be theories of â€Å"human nature†. There is a problem with people â€Å"perceiving themselves to b e a group†. The Rational Economic Theory, also known as Theory X, was developed and created by Douglas McGregor. The theory assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this inspires the need for high authority of management. Employees are only motivated by extrinsic and economic rewards such as receiving a raise or a bonus. The workers are seen to be lazy and inactive; as a result the organizations have to control and manipulate their employee’s goals to reflect with the organizationShow MoreRelatedIndustrial/Organizational Psychology Paper794 Words   |  4 PagesAre you fit to be an Industrial or Organizational Psychologist? Most would say yes in a heartbeat Industrial psychologists associate themselves with people in the workplace. Industrial psychology is often called personnel psychology, which is directly related to the field also known as organizational psychology. Usually industrial psychologists evaluate the differences between individual workers an d also individual jobs. Organizational psychologists normally seek the understanding of how workersRead MoreI/O Psychology Paper788 Words   |  4 PagesIndustrial/Organizational Psychology Pamela Groves PSY/435 January 7, 2012 Frank Del Grosso Jr. Industrial/Organizational Psychology The paper will examine the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology, and how industrial/organizational psychology is different from other disciplines in psychology. Industrial/organization psychology can be used in organizations and it focuses on the employees performance and how to make it better. 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Your responses to each question will vary but overall should be 700- to 1,050-words in length. 1. Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. AccordingRead MorePsychological Principles And Theories Of The Workplace Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the fastest growing fields of occupations today is Industrial an Organizational Psychology. This field continues to show the potential to grow even though it is hard for most people to find a job (â€Å"I-O a â€Å"Hot Job,† Shows Job Increases,† 2016). I/O Psychology is defined by Levy (2013) as â€Å"the application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace.† An I/O Psychologist will study the behaviors of employees and use it to help organizations to be efficient and successful. This leadsRead MoreMotivation Research : Curiosity And Career Related962 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch to a psychology graduate program. Graduate school is centered around a large-scale research project. 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This paper will highlight topics of Industrial Organizational psychology in the film ANTZ and analyze how or if they are correctly based on past and current research used in the field. TheRead MoreEvaluating Employee Performance1277 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative attitudes because they fear losing their jobs. Some of them forget the basic organizational and personal morals because they would take any available step to ensure their job security (Armstrong Armstrong, 2012). In the human management practice, organizational commitment and job satisfaction are often connected to employee attitudes. Attitude affects job satisfaction directly. On the other hand, organizational commitment emphasizes on employee attitudes towards the overall organization. WhileRead MoreAngells Belief in Functionalism and John Watsons Belief in Behaviorism1848 Words   |  7 Pagestime and tide of that period. Psychology had been the study of mind from a very long time and was represented by the method of introspection defined as studying the mind by analyzing the thoughts. Angell’s functionalism aimed to apply psychology and its methods to real life problems however the problem with both structuralism and functionalism was that the methods were not reliable and introspection was considered to be a problem rather than a solution. Psychology could not convince people of itsRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour1633 Words   |  7 Pages2005). Organizational Behaviour Defined Behaviour on the other hand, he defines simply as â€Å"the actions of people (Robins 2005). Organization behaviour (often referred to as OB) is the behaviour (actions) of individuals and groups within organizations and the interaction between organizations and their external environment. It constitutes a behavioural science field of study that borrows its core concepts from other disciplines, principally psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology

The Ethical Phenomenon Of Breast Cancer Screening And...

The ethical phenomenon, the â€Å"Jolie Effect†, receives much publicity about the BRCA 1 gene mutation that raised the actress’ risk and subsequent preventative double mastectomy. As a result, more women have been tested for both the BRCA1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations and choosing bilateral mastectomies for early-stage breast cancers (Weintraub, 2015). Oncologists saw a 50% increase for risk-reduction mastectomy surgery related to the â€Å"Jolie Effect†. The impact of an actress, known for her beauty, to willing risk her body image to increase her lifespan survival has philanthropically advanced the issues surrounding breast cancer. Racial Cultural Williams, Templin, and Hines (2013) identified that some populations groups are particularly vulnerable to be able to obtain diagnostic tests and attain positive outcomes related to breast cancer. Breast cancer screening and treatments are based on the Caucasian woman. A racial/cultural gap exists in both approach to screening and diagnostics, and gene expression in treatment. Each culture requires specific unique interventions, and may include such topics as: (a) health literacy associated with reduction in obtaining breast exam for black women; (b) lack of doctor recommendation associated with reduction in obtaining breast exam for Latino women; and (c) lack of doctor recommendation and other competing financial priorities associated with reduction in obtaining breast exams for Arab women (Roman et. al., 2014; Hawley et al., 2010). RaceShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analytical Summaries4643 Words   |  19 Pagesthe Huntington’s disease gene should be ready within one to two years. Researchers already have detected some of the genes that can lead to premature heart attacks and, in the near future, hope to spot those that could predispose a person to breast or colon cancer. Eventually, scientists believe they will be able to detect genes leading to diabetes, depression, schizophrenia and the premature senility called Alzheimer’s disease. â€Å"Extraordinary Power.† â€Å"This new technology has an extraordinary powerRead More The Ethics of Genetic Testing Essay3518 Words   |  15 Pagesand 180 million dollars are being spent on it annually. This adds up to a total of over 2 billion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 billion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and social issues. This report focused on some of these issues. Before discussion of the ethical, legal and social issues can be successful, some background information is needed. For example, why is the goal of mapping the human genome important? 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Slavery Of The North And The Overall American Shifts

Slavery was one of the principal reasons for America gaining its financial independence, and it grew steadily up to the moment it was abolished by war. According to the Library of Congress (n.d.) the number of slaves grew from 700,000 slaves in 1790 to more than 2 million by 1830 and on the eve of the Civil War there were nearly 4 million slaves. Not only did America experience a shift in numbers doing the years of slavery but also a shift in the overall American mindset as well as the culture of the African American. With slaves having been separated from their homes families and cultures they began to merge their traditions and beliefs systems with those of the Masters while attempting to define themselves as African Americans. In the following essay I will discuss and analyze this shift in terms of slavery in the south, blacks in the north and the overall American shifts leading to the Civil War. By the time the country saw the Revolutionary era, there had been more than five gene rations of Africans on American soil and this helped usher in the idea of the African American. Many Africans Americans hoped that the Revolutionary war and the Declaration of Independence would be a stepping-stone to obtaining freedom for them and their families. Unfortunately, this was not the case, â€Å"the age of Revolution ended with a tightening of the Southern slave regime along with an intensification of resistance to slavery (Kelley, 2005, Kindle Locations 133-134)†. Even after the northShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans and the Civil War774 Words   |  4 PagesEssay African Americans and the Civil War Slavery affected many of the political reasons that contributed to causing the Civil War in 1961. Most in the Northern states including President Lincoln were more concerned with preserving the Union rather than fighting for the freedom of all. On the other hand the South fought to preserve what they believed to be absolute state rights. However the overall goals of the war were altered significantly by the willingness of African Americans during war. ThisRead MoreThe Way We Lived: Essays and Documents in American Social History, by Frederick Binder and David Reimers779 Words   |  4 Pages I have chosen to write about chapter three due to my fascination about the slavery period in our country; the reasons it happened, why it happened, and some of the missing history behind the period. As for the missing history, I have always been captivated be the underlying history that made slavery possible in America. Chapter three delves into the subject that has intrigued me ever since high school, especially how the slave trade came to be, how it was started, and those who actually began andRead MoreEssay on Importance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life1465 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life America almost from the beginning was heavily dependent on forced labour. In 1619, John Rolfe in Virgina reported about the last day of August came in a butch man-of-war that sold us 20 negers. This is the first record of Africans settling in America. The Southern colonies were more dependent on labour then the North, as the climate in the South was ideal for plantation agricultural. In the 17th century the basisRead MoreThe American Civil War858 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was an event that changed the landscape of America and brought it into the modern era. 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In the eighteenth century, the numbers of slaves increased steadily. â€Å"Overall the area that was to become the United States imported between 400,000Read MoreSlavery During The American Colonies Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in the American colonies had greatly shaped the nation as we know it to be today. After the discovery of the New World, Spanish conquerors intended to enslave Native Americans, but punishment, overwork, and diseases such as small pox and malaria decreased their population rapidly. The only solution was to kidnap African Americans from their homeland and transport them on ships under poor, unsanitary conditions, many of which died of yellow fever, dysentery, or suicide. Upon arrival, theyRead MoreDear Righteous Reformer Admissions Committee1439 Words   |  6 Pagesand liberty for all, the young land coveted these values for its white majority. African Americans, held in bondage for economic exploitation, were robbed of the principles of dem ocracy and freedom so championed by the United States. This dissonance in American rhetoric was omnipresent, for slavery was a constant and fundamental aspect of life in both the North and South for decades. This duplicity of American equality was not lost on all whites, and a growing sect of reformers arose to combat theRead MoreThe New Land Of America Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagestrade started to boom when the realization that slavers were cheaper than indentured servants and more abundant. The treatment of the African American slaves was deplorable. They were not treated as human beings but as disposable property. This gave rise to the Abolitionist Movement. 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The War Between the States was fought between Southern slave states and the United States federal government. Southern states formed a group called the Confederacy, which went against the beliefs of the Union. Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America and Abraham Lincoln sought different views on slavery. Lincoln believed that all slaves should be

Alternative Power free essay sample

An outline of the responsibilities and research of the renewable energy source ESEP group. In addition to describing the roles and each member of the group, the proposal explains the urgency and significance of perfecting non fossil fuel energy sources. This research discusses the world?s current energy crisis. Fossil energy comprises the majority of the world?s energy source; however, these fuels pose threats to the environment and do not provide a renewable source of energy. Analysts predict that the world will run out of fossil fuels in forty to fifty years. Due to this impending crisis, experts research and attempt to determine renewable energy sources that meet the world?s growing energy needs while considering the technical, environmental, financial, and social impact of these alternatives. This report summarizes four of the most developed renewable energy options that could feasibly replace fossil fuels as a source of energy, including fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fuel cells use substances such as methanol and oxygen to react and provide energy; however, obtaining a clean, reliable hydrogen source and lowering the cost must precede implementation. Solar power harnesses the sun?s thermal with photovoltaic cells to produce electricity; the paper focuses on concentrating solar technologies and the addition research required to employ this alternative fuel source. Wind power uses turbines situated in a field to capture the kinetic energy of the wind; as one of the most frequently used renewable energy resources, this solution may become feasible as prices decrease. Hydropower uses flowing water through a system of turbines and generators to produce vast amounts of clean energy, but its environmental impacts are serious and widespread. All of these renewable energy sources have advantages and disadvantages when it comes to producing energy on a large scale. Some of these factors include cost, efficiency, environmental factors, and political a nd social factors. The report recommends an increase in research for each of these fields, and concludes that these renewable energy sources will only develop if society as a whole accepts the financial burden that accompanies them. Overall, the financial burden of renewable resources does not compare to the devastating effects that continued fossil energy usage will leave on the environment. As the global energy crisis worsens, scientists and researchers internationally race to refine and implement renewable energy resources to provide societies basic power needs that do not depend upon the consumption of natural resources. Within the next century, if energy consumers continue to rely on resources such as coal, petroleum, and other fossil fuels at the current rate, society will deplete its fuel reserves, specifically petroleum, to the extent that alternate power sources become necessary to maintain current standards of living based on power sources. Environmentalists, scientists, and the general public target fossil fuel usage as the primary cause for the environments poor condition; renewable resources will offer an opportunity to prevent and possibly improve damage caused by pollution from power procurement. Globally, consumers are ill-prepared for our inevitable reliance upon renewable energy resources; moreover, developing countries in the process of electrifying their citizens will not have the means to progress in the same energy-technology development cycle and cannot base their tenuous energy dependence on a rapidly waning fuel source. In the absence of fossil fuels, people must rely on new forms of transportation and energy to power our increasingly technology-based society. Renewable resources, such as fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydro power offers an environmentally-savvy alternative to fossil fuels, yet many of these technologies require further research, refinement, and optimization before we can rely upon them as a substitute for fossil fuels in basic power needs (SolarPACES 1). The problem involves ensuring global preparedness when low energy reserves mandate the use of renewable energy resources through proper allocation of renewable energy technology, ethical support from the public and the government, financial flexibility, and environmental sustainability.