The Ethical Phenomenon Of Breast Cancer Screening And...

The ethical phenomenon, the â€Å"Jolie Effect†, receives much publicity about the BRCA 1 gene mutation that raised the actress’ risk and subsequent preventative double mastectomy. As a result, more women have been tested for both the BRCA1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations and choosing bilateral mastectomies for early-stage breast cancers (Weintraub, 2015). Oncologists saw a 50% increase for risk-reduction mastectomy surgery related to the â€Å"Jolie Effect†. The impact of an actress, known for her beauty, to willing risk her body image to increase her lifespan survival has philanthropically advanced the issues surrounding breast cancer. Racial Cultural Williams, Templin, and Hines (2013) identified that some populations groups are particularly vulnerable to be able to obtain diagnostic tests and attain positive outcomes related to breast cancer. Breast cancer screening and treatments are based on the Caucasian woman. A racial/cultural gap exists in both approach to screening and diagnostics, and gene expression in treatment. Each culture requires specific unique interventions, and may include such topics as: (a) health literacy associated with reduction in obtaining breast exam for black women; (b) lack of doctor recommendation associated with reduction in obtaining breast exam for Latino women; and (c) lack of doctor recommendation and other competing financial priorities associated with reduction in obtaining breast exams for Arab women (Roman et. al., 2014; Hawley et al., 2010). RaceShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analytical Summaries4643 Words   |  19 Pagesthe Huntington’s disease gene should be ready within one to two years. Researchers already have detected some of the genes that can lead to premature heart attacks and, in the near future, hope to spot those that could predispose a person to breast or colon cancer. Eventually, scientists believe they will be able to detect genes leading to diabetes, depression, schizophrenia and the premature senility called Alzheimer’s disease. â€Å"Extraordinary Power.† â€Å"This new technology has an extraordinary powerRead More The Ethics of Genetic Testing Essay3518 Words   |  15 Pagesand 180 million dollars are being spent on it annually. This adds up to a total of over 2 billion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 billion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and social issues. This report focused on some of these issues. Before discussion of the ethical, legal and social issues can be successful, some background information is needed. For example, why is the goal of mapping the human genome important? Who is going to benefit or at least be affectedRead MoreGeriatric Assessment7902 Words   |  32 Pagesmultidimensional, multidisciplinary diagnostic instrument designed to collect data on the medical, psychosocial and functional capabilities and limitations of elderly patients. Various geriatric practitioners use the information generated to develop treatment and long-term follow-up plans, arrange for primary care and rehabilitative services, organize and facilitate the intricate process of case management, determine long-term care requirements and optimal placement, and make the best use of health careRead MoreCase Based Pediatrics for Medical Students10891 Words   |  44 Pagesseeks to: a. Include new modalities of care b. Resolve a clinical problem c. Clarify an ambiguous modality of care d. Enhance client care 9. Laura does review of related literature for the purpose of: a. Determine statistical treatment of data research b. Gathering data about what is already known or unknown about the problem c. To identify if problem can be replicated d. Answering the research question 10. Client’s right should be protected when doing researchRead MoreSmart Home Technology10920 Words   |  44 PagesEconomic Co-operation and Development, 2001).This population ageing is unprecedented, without parallel in human history. The 21st century is witnessing even more rapid ageing than did the century just past. Population ageing is pervasive, a global phenomenon affecting every man, woman and child. Different countries are at very different stages of the process, and the pace of change differs greatly. For example, Japan has experienced very rapid ageing to which it has had to quickly respond. CountriesRead MorePharmaceutical Price Controls in the Oecd Countries47662 Words   |  191 Pagesrequirements and can include brand substitution, limiting prescription of certain drugs to specialists, and recommending appropriate treatments. With increasing frequency, guidelines are used as a tool to evaluate pharmaceutical standards rather than to assist physicians in th e management of patients. When this occurs, the guidelines can dissuade doctors from prescribing treatments outside the guidelines. Similarly, when guidelines cover a large portion of clinical conditions, it is difficult for physiciansRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesParagraph 575 Graphing Calculator Explorations 580 11 Comparing Two Populations or Treatments 583 11.1 Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Independent Samples 583 11.2 Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Paired Samples 606 11.3 Large Sample Inferences Concerning a Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Proportions 619 11.4 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical AnalysesRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesof people working together Individual vs. Group behavior and Teams History of HRM New trends at workplace with changing environment Workforce diversity, pros and cons Functions of HRM Relationship between HR specialist and line managers Legal and ethical issues in HRM Human resource planning (HRP)Human resource information system (HRIS) Job analysis Job analysis continued Job analysis outcomes. Recruitment Source of recruitment Selection Selection Tests Selection process, continued Socialization TrainingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBalance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture AffectRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagespotential of this particular type of control system looks set to increase in signiWcance. In discussing an operational control system relating to the usage of food in a restaurant chain, Ahrens and Chapman (2002) discuss the phenomenon of manipulated closing inventory Wgures. This phenomenon was at least partly supported by the relative lack of integration of the information systems in the restaurant chain that they studied at the time of the Weldwork (1995–7). The calculation of the cost of food used was

Slavery Of The North And The Overall American Shifts

Slavery was one of the principal reasons for America gaining its financial independence, and it grew steadily up to the moment it was abolished by war. According to the Library of Congress (n.d.) the number of slaves grew from 700,000 slaves in 1790 to more than 2 million by 1830 and on the eve of the Civil War there were nearly 4 million slaves. Not only did America experience a shift in numbers doing the years of slavery but also a shift in the overall American mindset as well as the culture of the African American. With slaves having been separated from their homes families and cultures they began to merge their traditions and beliefs systems with those of the Masters while attempting to define themselves as African Americans. In the following essay I will discuss and analyze this shift in terms of slavery in the south, blacks in the north and the overall American shifts leading to the Civil War. By the time the country saw the Revolutionary era, there had been more than five gene rations of Africans on American soil and this helped usher in the idea of the African American. Many Africans Americans hoped that the Revolutionary war and the Declaration of Independence would be a stepping-stone to obtaining freedom for them and their families. Unfortunately, this was not the case, â€Å"the age of Revolution ended with a tightening of the Southern slave regime along with an intensification of resistance to slavery (Kelley, 2005, Kindle Locations 133-134)†. Even after the northShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans and the Civil War774 Words   |  4 PagesEssay African Americans and the Civil War Slavery affected many of the political reasons that contributed to causing the Civil War in 1961. Most in the Northern states including President Lincoln were more concerned with preserving the Union rather than fighting for the freedom of all. On the other hand the South fought to preserve what they believed to be absolute state rights. However the overall goals of the war were altered significantly by the willingness of African Americans during war. ThisRead MoreThe Way We Lived: Essays and Documents in American Social History, by Frederick Binder and David Reimers779 Words   |  4 Pages I have chosen to write about chapter three due to my fascination about the slavery period in our country; the reasons it happened, why it happened, and some of the missing history behind the period. As for the missing history, I have always been captivated be the underlying history that made slavery possible in America. Chapter three delves into the subject that has intrigued me ever since high school, especially how the slave trade came to be, how it was started, and those who actually began andRead MoreEssay on Importance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life1465 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life America almost from the beginning was heavily dependent on forced labour. In 1619, John Rolfe in Virgina reported about the last day of August came in a butch man-of-war that sold us 20 negers. This is the first record of Africans settling in America. The Southern colonies were more dependent on labour then the North, as the climate in the South was ideal for plantation agricultural. In the 17th century the basisRead MoreThe American Civil War858 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was an event that changed the landscape of America and brought it into the modern era. This transition was facilitated by the separation between the emergence of conflict between the North and South, the civil war that ensued, and what the end of the war meant for America. The resulting conflict had turned a separated America into a more united country as the shift from the bloody war lead to the birth of modern America. Firstly, the conflict was a result of ever increasingRead MoreThe Colonies Of The United States1377 Words   |  6 Pagesof epidemics. Small proportion of slaves were designated for mainland North America. The other majority of slaves landed in Brazil or the West Indies, where the high death rate on the sugar plantations led to a constant demand for new slave imports. This was a cycle which had led many slave to their deaths so the higher ups can make a pretty penny. In the eighteenth century, the numbers of slaves increased steadily. â€Å"Overall the area that was to become the United States imported between 400,000Read MoreSlavery During The American Colonies Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in the American colonies had greatly shaped the nation as we know it to be today. After the discovery of the New World, Spanish conquerors intended to enslave Native Americans, but punishment, overwork, and diseases such as small pox and malaria decreased their population rapidly. The only solution was to kidnap African Americans from their homeland and transport them on ships under poor, unsanitary conditions, many of which died of yellow fever, dysentery, or suicide. Upon arrival, theyRead MoreDear Righteous Reformer Admissions Committee1439 Words   |  6 Pagesand liberty for all, the young land coveted these values for its white majority. African Americans, held in bondage for economic exploitation, were robbed of the principles of dem ocracy and freedom so championed by the United States. This dissonance in American rhetoric was omnipresent, for slavery was a constant and fundamental aspect of life in both the North and South for decades. This duplicity of American equality was not lost on all whites, and a growing sect of reformers arose to combat theRead MoreThe New Land Of America Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagestrade started to boom when the realization that slavers were cheaper than indentured servants and more abundant. The treatment of the African American slaves was deplorable. They were not treated as human beings but as disposable property. This gave rise to the Abolitionist Movement. The Movement did not gain any traction until â€Å"The American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1799), widely seen as revolutions by citizens against oppressive rulers, transformed this EnlightenmentRead MoreNative American And African Slaves1731 Words   |  7 PagesAs the Native American population had been decimated by genocide and war, England looked to African slaves to provide them with the necessary labor to harvest tobacco. Although African slaves had the same status as that of an indentured servant, African slaves began to become more and more restricted, losing all human and civil rights. These restrictions were placed on African slaves to protect the rights of the indentured Englishmen, and developed a social/political system based of segregation andRead MoreAmerican Civi l War Research Paper1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe deadliest war in American history is known as the American Civil War killing nearly 620,000 soldiers and a mass amount of civilians. The War Between the States was fought between Southern slave states and the United States federal government. Southern states formed a group called the Confederacy, which went against the beliefs of the Union. Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America and Abraham Lincoln sought different views on slavery. Lincoln believed that all slaves should be

Alternative Power free essay sample

An outline of the responsibilities and research of the renewable energy source ESEP group. In addition to describing the roles and each member of the group, the proposal explains the urgency and significance of perfecting non fossil fuel energy sources. This research discusses the world?s current energy crisis. Fossil energy comprises the majority of the world?s energy source; however, these fuels pose threats to the environment and do not provide a renewable source of energy. Analysts predict that the world will run out of fossil fuels in forty to fifty years. Due to this impending crisis, experts research and attempt to determine renewable energy sources that meet the world?s growing energy needs while considering the technical, environmental, financial, and social impact of these alternatives. This report summarizes four of the most developed renewable energy options that could feasibly replace fossil fuels as a source of energy, including fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fuel cells use substances such as methanol and oxygen to react and provide energy; however, obtaining a clean, reliable hydrogen source and lowering the cost must precede implementation. Solar power harnesses the sun?s thermal with photovoltaic cells to produce electricity; the paper focuses on concentrating solar technologies and the addition research required to employ this alternative fuel source. Wind power uses turbines situated in a field to capture the kinetic energy of the wind; as one of the most frequently used renewable energy resources, this solution may become feasible as prices decrease. Hydropower uses flowing water through a system of turbines and generators to produce vast amounts of clean energy, but its environmental impacts are serious and widespread. All of these renewable energy sources have advantages and disadvantages when it comes to producing energy on a large scale. Some of these factors include cost, efficiency, environmental factors, and political a nd social factors. The report recommends an increase in research for each of these fields, and concludes that these renewable energy sources will only develop if society as a whole accepts the financial burden that accompanies them. Overall, the financial burden of renewable resources does not compare to the devastating effects that continued fossil energy usage will leave on the environment. As the global energy crisis worsens, scientists and researchers internationally race to refine and implement renewable energy resources to provide societies basic power needs that do not depend upon the consumption of natural resources. Within the next century, if energy consumers continue to rely on resources such as coal, petroleum, and other fossil fuels at the current rate, society will deplete its fuel reserves, specifically petroleum, to the extent that alternate power sources become necessary to maintain current standards of living based on power sources. Environmentalists, scientists, and the general public target fossil fuel usage as the primary cause for the environments poor condition; renewable resources will offer an opportunity to prevent and possibly improve damage caused by pollution from power procurement. Globally, consumers are ill-prepared for our inevitable reliance upon renewable energy resources; moreover, developing countries in the process of electrifying their citizens will not have the means to progress in the same energy-technology development cycle and cannot base their tenuous energy dependence on a rapidly waning fuel source. In the absence of fossil fuels, people must rely on new forms of transportation and energy to power our increasingly technology-based society. Renewable resources, such as fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydro power offers an environmentally-savvy alternative to fossil fuels, yet many of these technologies require further research, refinement, and optimization before we can rely upon them as a substitute for fossil fuels in basic power needs (SolarPACES 1). The problem involves ensuring global preparedness when low energy reserves mandate the use of renewable energy resources through proper allocation of renewable energy technology, ethical support from the public and the government, financial flexibility, and environmental sustainability.

The Art of a Soliloquy Learning to Face Ones Personal Demons

Sonnet: Solitude Face solitude right in the evil eye;Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of a Soliloquy: Learning to Face One’s Personal Demons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It stares at you and never says a word. It makes you cringe, regret, deny, defy – The more it lasts, the stronger it may hurt. But we did reconcile long ago; It takes me where I’d never dare to go. Sonnet Analysis The given sonnet follows the tradition of English sonnet writing. It has seven lines, the ABAB CCC rhyme scheme, and its meter can be defined as iambic pentameter, with five masculine rhymes. The poem consists of one quatrain and two rhymed lines. It is remarkable that in the Italian tradition, the structure of the poem would have been different, with a tercet instead of two lines at the end; the English tradition, however, presupposes that the tercet should be replaced by two lines.Advertising Look ing for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Speaking of the content of the sonnet, the specifics of the era must be mentioned. In the XXI century, being left long even for a moment is hardly possible – no matter where one goes, the beeping of a mobile phone or a voice mail notification will always let one know that there are millions of people around waiting for a conversation to start. Moreover, many people, in fact, are afraid of being left alone (Grant 1223). The idea that a lot of people fear solitude, however, begs the question whether being alone can actually have positive results on a person. In both modern and ancient literature, there are many examples of the lead characters having a great revelation when they finally find time to look into their soul; however, there are even more examples of the characters who go mad once taking a glance into the depth of their psychics. The choice of the r hyme, number of lines and structure as the means of expression was deliberate. To emphasize the significance of the phenomenon, as well as the effect that loneliness has on different people, it was required to use very short and concise phrases. Thus, the depressing atmosphere of solitude, which most people experience as they are left to face their own demons and lead an inner dialogue, has been created. The fact that the poem was split into a quatrain and two additional lines also contributes to conveying the poem innuendoes to the reader. While in the first part, angst comes into the foreground, along with anxiety, the second part of the sonnet displays a relatively calmer attitude towards the idea of being lonely. Thus, the meter of the sonnet allows for creating a psychological mini drama, in which the lead character undergoes a transformation from a psychologically troubled and far-stricken creature to its enlightened, though, perhaps, even more insane, new self. On the one han d, an inner dialog is admittedly a moment of truth. On the other hand, for a number of people, sweeping their fears and manias under the rug is the only way to stay sane and, therefore, revisiting these fears means making a huge step back in fighting them. Once reminded of, nightmares are most likely to return, which means that the moment of solitude has been drastic for the person in question. Allowing the reader to spot the duality of the nature of solitude, the given poem raises a number of questions regarding not only human nature in general, but also the nature of the reader’s self, therefore, making the reader figure out whether the reader should also try exploring the depth of his/her subconscious.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of a Soliloquy: Learning to Face One’s Personal Demons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Grant, Arthur G. â€Å"No Loneliness of His Face.† Journal of General Internal Medicine 27.9 (2012), 1223–1224. Print. This essay on The Art of a Soliloquy: Learning to Face One’s Personal Demons was written and submitted by user Samuel Christian to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

marketing essay on Competitive Intelligence The WritePass Journal

Professional HR/marketing essay on Competitive Intelligence Introduction Professional HR/marketing essay on Competitive Intelligence IntroductionResearch Objectives and RationaleLiterature ReviewResearch MethodologyResearch TypeResearch ParadigmResearch ApproachResearch Nature Hypothetical QuestionResearch DesignResearch TechniquesSampling StrategyResearch TimeframeEthical IssuesConclusionReferencesRelated    Introduction This paper is set in order to demonstrate the research proposal on the subject of the role of line managers in reward in the context of human resource management. The main covered areas will include the presentation of research objectives and rationale, brief critical investigation of the recent studies and research methodology. The ethical issues are going to be demonstrated at the end of the research proposal. Research Objectives and Rationale Recent research demonstrates that the role of line managers in the implementation of reward programs is neglected in most of the cases. This, in turn, negatively affects the general process of reward program integration. For instance, a survey, which has been done on 1300 organizations in 80 countries, has demonstrated that only 30 % of these organizations have reported a successful implementation of reward program (Stark and McMullen, 2008). It has been further presented in the research that HR executives tend to design the reward programs whereas the line managers tend to integrate those. The research, however, fails to provide an in-depth perspective on the subject of the involvement of both line managers and HR executives (Armstrong and Bowen, 1998).   Therefore, it is important to provide the extensive perspective on the subject of the role of line managers in the implementation of rewarding programs. This will contribute to the academic body of research in the human resource subject area. Additionally, it will allow human resource management to identify the main problems with their reward strategies; thus altering the strategies in order to acquire a success in delivery of reward programs. As a result, given the concept of the study, the main research objectives are: To explore the concept of rewards and general role of HR representatives in it To investigate the level of line managers’ involvement in the rewarding process in the context of HR management To identify and explore the elements of the most successful and effective rewarding strategy Literature Review This section is designed in order to deliver a brief critical investigation of key theoretical concepts on the subject of line managers involvement in the development and implementation of reward programs. The main sub-themes will include identification and exploration of human resource function in the development of reward programs, investigation of performance management and identification of the most effective method of reward in the context of line managers’ involvement. Reward and Reward System The reward systems have been integrated within HRM only recently. These have been designed in order to provide the monetary value to those employees who have added value to the organization. This concept is directly interlinked with the development of career and increase in motivation (Thorpe and Homan, 2000). Secord, (2003, p. 403) states that reward management is associated with â€Å"designing, implementing, maintaining and communicating reward processes†. These processes, in turn, shape the level of monetary payment for value-adding activities, performed by employees. HR Role and Function in Reward In general, there is little evidence in HR’s delivery of the actual value to the company. Assessment on 54 organizations, located in the USA, has demonstrated that the majority of companies has not assessed HR department due to the lack of value, delivered by this sector (Ramlall, 2002). It has been further estimated that some companies do not have any specific rating system to measure the performance of HR department (Becker, Huselid, and Ulrich, 2001). One of the key functions of HR is related to the design of reward system. However, this function has been ignored in the recent studies. CIPD (2006) has done a survey in the organizations on the subject of the role of HR representatives in the reward systems. It has been estimated that front-line management plays a much more significant role in the integration of the reward systems, contrary to HR specialists. HR duties are associated with a large number of aspects that should be taken into consideration in order to successfully fulfil the job. This implies that the HRM system should be visible, authoritarian, legitimate and understandable (Bowen and Ostroff, 2004). If these factors are not presented in front of employees, the strength of HRM system, as perceived by employees, decreases. HR representatives are important in design of reward system and performance management. Armstrong and Bowen, (1998) outline the personal characteristics of HR executives and their experience, as the important factors that are projected in design of reward and performance management systems. However, there is little contact between HR executives and employees, which develop the obstacles to actual integration of reward systems and performance management. This implies that HR executives are not able to actually see the performance of employees in order to base the decisions (Armstrong and Bowen, 1998). This increases the significance of line managers in relation to this task. Role of Line Managers in Reward Systems The studies suggest that the role of line managers in fulfilment of some of the HR functions has been increased over the time. Along with the transferring of supervisory duties to line managers, their people management duties have been enhanced as well (Hales, 2005). In the light of current line managers’ role in people management, the HR function and role are ignored and diminished. The research suggests that line managers are not qualified enough in order to fulfil these types of duties, namely reward systems integration. However, they are trusted by their subordinates as a result of cooperative work together. This is contrasted by the gap, which is developed on the basis of lack of time, willingness and qualifications in order to actually perform HR-related duties (Becker, Huselid, and Ulrich, 2001). It has been further added that for line managers it is easier to implement reward systems and performance management, since there has been a direct link found between the leadership style and motivation development (CIPD, 2007). This implies that line managers are more knowledgeable about their employees’ traits and level of job’s quality. Furthermore, the line managers are able to influence employee motivation development (CIPD, 2007). Performance Management Performance management is regarded to be crucial in effective management of organizational culture. It aims at the evaluation of employee’s attitude and behavior in relation to the job; thus contributing to the increase of the overall significance of performance management practices, as perceived by employees (Hannah and Iverson, 2004). Other scholars suggest that it is a leadership function, which contributes to the efficiency of performance management (Uhl-Bien et al., 2000). This corresponds to the ability to see the supervisor’s willingness to provide feedback and explain the goals of the organization, as the main factor that contributes to the increase of employee morale and therefore the company’s overall productivity (Smewing, 2001). This suggests that the employees are seen to be taken care of, therefore are more prone to commit to the organization over the long term. HR specialists are the ones that design performance management programs whereas line managers tend to realize those programs. However, the majority of line managers do not have sufficient tools in order to maintain a qualitative performance management (CIPD in ONREC, 2004). Additionally, it has been estimated that the concept of performance management has changed over time. This suggests that initially, this concept was integrated in order to address the issues of pay and the ability to achieve certain organization’s objectives (CIPD in ONREC, 2004). Currently, this concept has evolved into the talent management and the ability to recruit and retain the best employees on the market. Additionally, performance management has evolved into shifting away from the dogma that financial pay may be the only motivating force behind the performance (Armstrong and Baron, 1998). Large attention in the motivation-related research has been attributed to the significance of intrinsic and extr insic motivation. Intrinsic motivation suggest that the employee is motivated by the force of self-motivation. Extrinsic motivation suggests that the employees are motivated by the external factors, like the increase of pay (Speckbacher, 2003). It is stated in the same source that it is a challenging task to channel the intrinsic motivation, however, performance management is shifting to the integration of this dogma. The intrinsic motivation suggests that the employee receives satisfaction from the achievement of certain objectives. Therefore, this motivation eliminates the need to provide additional financial benefits in order to increase employee’s productivity. Additionally, already increased employee morale reduces the need for further integration of the additional practices, aimed at the increase of one’s productivity (Speckbacher, 2003). Research Methodology This section aims at the presentation of the main research methodology and its elements. This section is based on the integration of â€Å"research onion† framework, which implies a shift from presentation of â€Å"research method† to the description of â€Å"primary data instrument† through a variety of stages (Saunders et al., 2009). Research Type Due to the scope and subject of research,mixed research methodology is applied. This methodology suggests that the study will be conducted whilst integrating the elements of quantitative and qualitative research methods (Saunders et al., 2009).   This method is regarded to be associated with a high degree of costs, which is suitable, given the scope of the research (Ellin Datta in Greene, 2007). Research Paradigm Research paradigm has been selected to be positivism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy suggests that the researcher incorporates value- free, objective perspective on the subject of the study. This requires minimum integration of the values and opinions that have been acquired throughout the lifetime (Saunders et al., 2009). Interpretivism on the other hand allows interpretation of the collected information into the narrative format. This is especially applicable to the qualitative interviews. One of the possible disadvantages that may emerge as a result of positivism application, that the researcher may integrate some lifetime values within data collection and analysis processes (Frauendorf, 2006). This might become an obstacle, due to the lack of critical research skills. Research Approach The research approach is proposed to be deductive, in order to benefit from the development of theory on the basis of evaluation of the elements of the acquired data (Thyer, 2010). Deductive research approach exercises the shift from more expanded towards more detailed in line with the subject theory and elements (Thyer, 2010). In other words deductive reasoning employs top down approach, where the conclusions are drawn on the basis of acquired findings.   Since this subject is regarded to be multi-dimensional, the analysis of smaller details, associated with the role of line managers in development and integration of reward systems, would be beneficial. Research Nature The research is proposed to be of explanatory character. The main aim of this type of research is to explore the causal relationships between dependent and independent variables. The ultimate purpose of this research is to explain the situation and predict the events (McNabb, 2008). The main question in relation to the explanatory research is attributed to – â€Å" Why this event has happened?†. Therefore, the main question in relation to this research would be – â€Å"Why the role of line managers is so significant and/or so insignificant?†. Hypothetical Question Qualitative Research Question: What is the role of line managers in reward system planning and integration as projected in real life time activities? Quantiative Research Hypothesis: Line managers have a direct positive affect on reward system integration Line manager have a direct positive impact on performance management activities Research Design The research design is chosen to be a multiple case study (Yin, 1993). This implies that two case studies will be developed in order to investigate the role of line managers in the development and integration of reward systems. One case will include the line managers; whereas another case will include the employees. This will allow data collection will allow the acquisition of data on the subject of insight on this subject, from line managers and subordinates, which would contribute to the development of the full picture on the subject of study. Multiple case study is known to be associated with the triangulation of data and research methods (Yin, 1993). It has been estimated that case study strategy is well applied to qualitative and quantitative methods, which will result in the achievement of research objectives (Yin, 1993). Research Techniques Along with the integration of mixed research methodology, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews have been selected to be applied as part of the primary data instrument design. Questionnaires will be distributed among employees, namely floor employees in the selected commercial companies. Semi-structured interviews are going to be targeted at the line managers in order to deliver a follow up on the acquired findings, by questionnaires. This will allow demonstration of the perspective of line manager involvement in reward systems integration from both perspectives. Questionnaires are beneficial since these allow collection of the data from a large sample, which is a primary research objective in relation to the employees’ study group (Saunders et al., 2009). Due to the specifics of the study, the questionnaires are going to be distributed via e-mails, in order to enable quick rate of responses. This is also associated with low degree of costs due to the utilization of th e interactive platform for questionnaires distribution (Saunders et al., 2009). Interviews, in turn, aim at the acquisition of an in-depth perspective on the subject. As a result, once the primary data from questionnaires is collected, the line managers will provide clarification of the causal relationships between the perspectives of employees about their involvement and their actual fulfilment of duties. The interviews will be heldon site, in order to ensure comfortable settings during   the interview. This would allow access to the opinions and views that are hidden deep inside one’s psychology. There is a large risk of bias opinion emergence due to the depth of the interview process and involvement of qualitative opinions, views and behaviours (Saunders et al., 2009). Additionally, the lack of research skills might result in the possible shift from the main subject; thus the inability to acquire valuable findings that would correspond with the research objectives. Primary data quantitative analysis is proposed to be maintained on the basis of SPSS processes integration and narration. Sampling Strategy Sample is a group of individuals with specific characteristics that have been selected in order to represent the whole population (Saunders et al., 2009). This research will be based on the incorporation of probability sampling strategy. This strategy suggests that all the individuals within the population have equal chances to be selected for the study. The main segmentation variable will be based on the occupation of study respondents (Saunders et al., 2009). This implies that for questionnaires, the sample will consist of floor employees and for interviews the sample will consist of line managers. The sub-sampling strategy is selected to be a stratified   random sampling. This implies that all the employees are considered for participating in the study whilst being grouped with regard to their occupation (Saunders et al., 2009). This correlates well with the cross-sectional research design. The sample size is proposed to be 150 floor employees and 10 line managers in one commerc ial organization, which is geographically limited to the UK. Research Timeframe The cross-sectional timeframe has been chosen to be applied in this study. This implies that the research will be conducted over a short period of time, in contrast to the specifics of longitudinal timeframe. This would ensure relatively quick observation of study participants whilst conducting questionnaires and interviews (Jackson, 2008). This would allow investigation of a sample where the members possess different characteristics. Ethical Issues Due to the incorporation of direct human contact as part of the research design, there are some ethical issues to address. First of all, the study will be based on the integration of confidentiality-related policies. This suggests that all the material, which is acquired as part of primary data collection, will be stored confidentially in order to avoid sharing to any other 3rd party, unless otherwise stated by the primary data owner. In addition to this, the questionnaires and interviews are going to be supplied with the introductory letter. This introductory letter is designed in order to acknowledge the study participants with study’s purpose, aims, terms and conditions. By accepting the terms and conditions of the research, the study participant agrees to participate in the process of research conduct. Both questionnaires and interviews are designed in order to address the race relations and equality of rights. Any study participant will have the opportunity to withdraw from any stage of research conduct process, whereas their data will not be utilized for the purposes of research. The study participants will have a right to stay anonymous, unless otherwise stated. All the expenses, namely research, transportation, communication and stationary are manageable by the researcher. Draft Timetable       1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Literature Review                            Design of Primary Data Instrument                            Pilot Study and Data collection                            Data Analysis                            Analysis and Discussion Chapters Completion                            Draft review by supervisor                            Amendments and Final Review                         Conclusion This paper was designed in order to demonstrate the proposal for the research on the subject of line managers involvement in reward systems integration and performance management. It has been estimated as part of the literature review, that line manager role is significant in the integration of both of these processes. It is mainly associated with the fact that they are able to see and engage in the actual performance management; thus being able to produce objective results in relation to reward systems, contrary to the HR department. It has been further estimated that employees tend to develop both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, where intrinsic motivation is much more significant in channeling in order to acquire the benefits in relation to the financial performance of the company. As a result, the main objectives of research is to explore the level of involvement of line managers in the reward systems. This is proposed to be done by the means of mixed research methodology int egration. The primary data collection instrument consists of interviews and questionnaires that are distributed among 10 line managers and 150 floor employees in the commercial organization in the UK. References Armstrong M, Baron A (1998). Performance Management: The new realities. Institute of Personnel Development: London. Becker, B., Huselid, M., and Ulrich, D. (2001). The HR Scorecard: Linking People, Strategy, and Performance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press Bowen, D.E.,   Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of â€Å"Strength† of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29, 203-221 CIPD. (2006). Rewarding Work: Vital Role of Line Managers. Available from: cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/72035864-98CD-495A-8CB9-96989B96E73C/0/vitalrolmgrca.pdf (Accessed on 10/12/12) Hales, C. (2005). Rooted in supervision, branching into management: continuity and change in the role of first-line manager. Journal of Management Studies, 42: 3, 471–506. Hannah, D. and Iverson, R. (2004). Employment relationships in context: implications for policy and practice, in J. Coyle-Shapiro, L. Shore, S. Taylor and L. Tetrick (eds). The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 332–350. Jackson S. (2008). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. 3rd ed. Cengage: USA McNabb D. (2008). Research Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management. 2nd ed., Sharpe: USA Ramlall, S. (2002). A Critical Review of the Role of Training Development in Increasing Performance. Journal of Compensation and   Benefits, 18, 5, 12-17 Saunders M., Lewis P. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed., Pearson Education: UK. Secord H. (2003). Implementing Best Practices in Human Resources Management. CCH: Canada Speckbacher, G. (2003). The Economics of Performance Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Management Leadership, 13, 3, 267-281. Stark M., MacMullen T. (2008). When considering effective reward-program implementation, too frequently the role of the line manager is neglected. WorldAtWork Journal, 2nd Quarter.   Thorpe R and Homan G. (2000). Strategic Reward Systems. London: Pearson Education Limited. Thyer B. (2010). The Handbook of Social Work Research Methods. 2nd ed., p 33, Sage Publications: UK ONREC. (2004). Line managers are key to good performance management. Available from: onrec.com/news/news-archive/line-managers-are-key-to-good-performance-management (Accessed on 10/12/12) Uhl-Bien, M., Graen, G. and Scandura, L. (2000). Indicators of leader–member exchange (LMX) for strategic human resource management systems. Research in Personnel and  Human Resources Management, 18: 137–185. Yin, R., (1994). Case study research: Design and methods. 2nd ed., CA: Sage Publishing.

The Ultimate 4 Step Guide to Changing Careers

The Ultimate 4 Step Guide to Changing Careers Choosing a career is a tough thing- and a lifelong process. You might pick a job early, just out of school or based on your interests as a 20-something. It would be great if that were a direct path to your retirement decades later, after years of building a fulfilling career from that initial decision. But not every career path is quite that straightforward. You might wake up after 10 years and think, â€Å"I really don’t want to be a widget coordinator anymore.† Or maybe you’ve been laid off, and realize that hmm, you weren’t all that happy in your career even before the fact. Whatever leads to that revelation, you should embrace it as an opportunity when it comes.  If you are thinking about making a career change, here are the 4 steps you can take to make it a reality: Step 1.   Figure out what do you really want to be doing.Step 2.   What does the roadmap look like?Step 3.   Updating Your ResumeStep 4.   Build (and then work) your network  I f you’re thinking about changing your career, you’re in in good company. There are very few hard stats on how many people do change careers midstream- the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics doesn’t keep data on career changers, mostly because the data is so unclear  and not really tracked anywhere- but we do know that some very famous people only achieved those heights only after they pulled the trigger on a career change.Did you know that:Walt Disney was originally a newspaper editor?Actor Harrison Ford was a carpenter before his first big movie role?Uber-chef Julia Child was a bureaucrat and spy for the U.S. government during World War II, before she mastered French cuisine?Actor Steve Buscemi was a New York City firefighter?Pope Francis was a chemical technician before joining the priesthood? One thing these people all have in common (aside from amazing success) is that they each made a career decision based on the difference between what they were doing, and what they wanted to do with their lives. This isn’t to say that everyone should drop a stable, bill-paying job in order to pursue that dream of opening a puppet theater. However, if you think that changing careers is the best next step for you and your goals, then there are ways to make the jump in a smart and practical way.Step 1: What do you want to be doing?The best thing you can do up front is to start thinking about what it is you really want to do. According to a Deloitte Shift Index survey in 2010 (which tracked workplace trends), a staggering 80% of respondents lacked passion at their jobs. That’s a lot of disengaged people, or people at risk of checking out. Still, it’s not enough to feel vaguely unhappy at your current job, or on your current path. You need a plan for finding what it is you would be passionate about doing as a career.80% of respondents lacked passion at their jobsIn the following Tedx Talk, career coach Scott Dinsmore offers some advic e on how to transition that dissatisfaction or malaise into real and lasting personal change. He recommends doing some soul searching on the following questions:What are your strengths? What are you good at doing? What would you do even if no one paid you?What are your values? Are you driven by people (family, friends)? Are you most concerned with success and achievement? How do those factor into your decision, and what is your â€Å"soul† made of?What are your experiences? What do you like, or dislike? What are you good at or bad at doing? What have your experiences told you about what you want, and what experiences inspire you? You have years of experiences, as well as successes and mistakes, which form a baseline of expectations. Together, these factors can be pulled together to help you figure out what you want those successes to look like in the future, and what kinds of jobs would help you get there.Step 2: What does the roadmap look like?Changing careers is a process. At an early point in said process, you can’t really predict the outcome. But you can definitely map out your expectations, and the likely steps it will take to get there.For example, take a look at this  career change roadmap:Step 3: Update your resume.This means updating your resume and your cover letter to align with your revised career goals. Many job hunters make the easy mistake of assuming that their same old resume will do, and that hiring managers will connect the dots on skills and experience. Don’t let that be you! Take the initiative to rebuild your resume for your soon-to-be new career. On your resume, you have a bit of an added challenge, compared to another candidate who has more industry experience, so you need to craft your resume 2.0 to reflect that reality.If you have a lot of skills that will be transferable from your old career to the new job(s) for which you’re applying:Your best bet is likely a combination resume, where you craft the stan dard linear list of your jobs, but kick off the resume with a bulleted list of qualifications/skills. The bullet points in the work history section should, of course, emphasize the skills you want to play up in the qualifications summary. You might want to get your resume evaluated by  a professional resume expert  as well. (For more on how to write a great qualifications summary, visit Resume Genius.)Here’s an example:Qualifications SummaryLeadership:Leading marketing teams of 5+ people.Creativity:Designing and implementing ROI strategies aimed at streamlining marketing campaigns.Communication:Presenting marketing proposals to clients. Combination resumes can be great for covering up gaps in experiences or long lags between jobs, but keep in mind that the lack of specific dates and other details might raise a red flag with hiring managers or interviewers. Be prepared to speak to those in the interview, as well as emphasize the transferrable skills you have.If you are bas ically starting over, and want to downplay your work history:Work on drafting a functional resume, where you group your skills into headers and bullets.Here’s an example:Marketing ExperienceCreated brand-awareness social media campaigns for a national car rental company.Improved engagement and conversion rates for 3 straight years.If you’re concerned that your career change narrative won’t overcome the relative lack of experience: Write a resume that covers the standard skills and work history, but write a detailed cover letter that explains a) your passion for the industry you’re trying to break into; b) why your experience travels well into this new arena; and c) your strong motivation to start over, or find a foothold at this particular company. Your resume will still need to stand on its own, but you want to make sure the hiring manager is clear that you know your experience may not be extensive, but you have the skills and passion necessary for this job.Step 4: Build (and then work) your network.The best new resume in the world may not mean much if you can’t get it in front of the right people. Online application engines and emailed resumes have their place (and will likely do so for a long time to come), but one of the most effective ways to get noticed is also one of the oldest and lowest-tech: word of mouth. If you know someone in a company who can recommend you for an open position, it’s like getting a gold star on your resume. It may not get you an automatic job offer, but having an insider vouch for you could very well increase the odds of getting your application a closer look. Plus, seeking out people in your target industry can help you get a better handle on the industry itself, letting you ask questions and get information that might not be as readily available from internet searches.And don’t discount your existing network: you never know who knows someone else, especially in this age of LinkedI n. Don’t be afraid to put it out there that you’re looking to make connections in a new area. Use your social networks (Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter) to find new connections or experts to follow. However, make sure you’re discreet about it if you’re not ready to announce your career change plans to your current employer. (Maybe don’t post a status update that says, â€Å"Hate my job, want to know more about alpaca farming. Anyone know any local animal farmers I can talk to?†)If you truly don’t have any overlap between your current network and your new industry, start with some basic research. Look for groups online related to your target job, and â€Å"listen† in on message boards or email lists for a while. This can also let you know about industry events, job openings, or networking opportunities that you might not know about otherwise.Whether your new career is on par with the carpenter-to-Han Solo transition, well, that rema ins to be seen. But if you know that you’re ready to commit to a jump (or at least commit to the idea of jumping), there’s no point in waiting until the time is right. Because you know what? That time may never come if you don’t make it happen yourself. But you can set yourself up so that there’s a time that feels comfortable for making the transition.

Rubber Tire ( car ) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rubber Tire ( car ) - Research Paper Example The materials can be stretched severally to almost double its original size, and upon being released, it will return almost to its original length. Rubber can be produced from two basic raw materials, natural rubber or synthetic rubber. With the objective for improvement, in accordance with customer and regulatory requirements, how a car tire chemical composition is reported through the IMDS system. The introduction of IMDS brought about introduction of pseudo-substance basically for tire. Guidance document clarifies how the pseudo- substance should be used in the IMDS system in order to describe the chemical composition of tire. Production of car rubber is classified into two basics steps, production of rubber itself and processing into finished goods. In the first step of rubber production, it can be produced naturally by use of an agricultural crop or synthetic rubber made from petroleum products. Natural rubber is acquired from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) as latex. This is a runny, milky white liquid which is tapped from the bark of rubber tree. Latex is a colloidal dispersion of solid particles of the polymer polyisoprene in water. The molecules of this compound are loosely joined making long, tangled chains. These molecules of chain when pulled apart untangles easily but springs but together once released and this brings about the characteristic of rubber being elastic. Many tanks are used to collect latex, blending the yield of many trees. (Wiley) General Natural car rubber currently accounts for about 30% to 40% of the total elastomeric part in a car tire, but in the case for a truck is 60% to 80%. The procedure of recovering this natural rubber from latex involves a process called coagulation. This process is carried out by adding acid such as formic acid (HCOOH). Coagulation takes about 12 hours. The coagulum, which is now soft solid slabs, is then squeezed through a series of rolls which removes most of the

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Howard Schultz turned out to be the key success factors of the company. Such decision is discussed in this section. Product diversification to customer segment (Explanation Using Ansoff Model) Throughout the 90’s and the 00’s In order to target new customer segments Starbucks decided to go for product diversification. In 1994 Starbucks and PepsiCo entered in to a joint venture, which is now known as the North-American Coffee Partnership to sell product closely related to coffee in cans and bottles. Thus the Starbucks catered to a whole new customer segment. In 1998 the company allowed Kraft foods to become a licensed provider of the Starbucks ground coffees and whole bean across US. In this case Starbucks ensured product quality, while Kraft foods took care of promotion and distribution. In 2008 Starbucks struck a partnership with Apple iTunes and started providing pick of the week music card in the 7000 stores (Henry, 2008, p.131). The diversification strategy can be w ell explained by using the Ansoff Product grid matrix. The four key elements of the product matrix grid are market penetration, Market Development, Product Development and Diversification. Among these Starbucks went for diversification as the company launched new product in a new market. Here it may be added that although Starbucks provided new products, but the core product remained the same. Rather the company went for augmentation. This also meant that the company used concentric diversification instead of conglomerate diversification, because the company added new product s hat was similar in nature keeping the core product i.e. Coffee in mind. Store Expansion Strategy to achieve Market Expansion (Explanation Using Different Market Entry Modes and Strategic Actions) Even before becoming the President and CEO of the company Mr. Schultz had a vision to expand the business of the company. This was one of the key reasons for which Mr. Schultz bought the company. In the early 90†™s the company began the geographic market expansion strategy. The management of the company decided to work on a hub and spoke model to expand the market. In this case the major cities acted as a hub. It had specialist teams of professionals located in the hub. As a number of stores opened in the hub the company decided to open additional stores in the surrounding cities. The stores in the surrounding cities were monitored by the team of professional located in the hub cities. Due to such strategies very soon the company had a blanket of retail stores in the major as well as surrounding cities of the country (Wenderoth, 2009, p. 145). In the mid 90’s as a part of the expansion strategy the company got in to licensing agreements to cover those locations where the company may not able to have own outlets. The company entered into a licensing agreement with Marriot host international hotel operates in airport locations. Once the company had established a strong store network in United States the company decided to venture internationally. There were various options available in front of the company which

Kearlsey Case Study Essay Example for Free

Kearlsey Case Study Essay Tony Kearsley applies for a position as a firefighter with the City of St. Catharines and was accepted on condition that he were to pass a medical examination by a doctor specified by the city. However, during the medical exam the doctor discovered that Kearsley had an atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) and refused to pass him. Kearsley took it upon himself to consult a medical specialist who advised him that his condition would indeed not affect his ability to perform his job as a firefighter. Kearsley then filed a complaint against the city with the Ontario Human Rights Commission. At the Commissions Bored of Inquiry hearing, the doctor who had originally examined Kearsley testified that atrial fibrillation led to increased risk for stroke meaning his heart could fail to pump sufficient blood to his organs during the extreme conditions that come with firefighting. The Board of Inquiry called a medical expert in atrial fibrillation. The expert testified that the increased risk for stroke in someone of Kearsley’s age was inconsequential. The expert further testified that there was no increased risk for heart failure in someone like Kearsley because he was otherwise in good health. Meanwhile, after Kearsley got turned down by the St. Catharines fire department, Kearsley had become a firefighter in the City of Hamilton, achieving the rank of first-class firefighter in October 2001. 2. Why did the Board of Inquiry rule in Kearsley’s favour? The Board of Inquiry ruled in Kearsley’s favour because they came to the conclusion that Mr. Tony Kearsley had in fact suffered discrimination. The Board noted that it would have been the City of St. Catharines responsibility to seek an expert opinion when confronted with a medical condition such as that found in Kearsley. The Board also indicated that this was the procedure used in other municipalities. The City did not follow their responsibilities which led to Mr. Kearsley’s unfair treatment and discrimination based on disability. For these reasons, this is why I think the Board of Inquiry most definitely ruled in Kearsley’s favour. 3. Do you agree with the decision in this case? Why or why not? I strongly agree with the decision of the case. Tony Kearsley was without a doubt, discriminated based on disability which is illegal in Canada. I feel like the city of St. Catharines defiantly should have handled this matter in a more ordered and professional way, as it seems that none of the facts in favour of the city of St. Catharines truly added up. I feel like the city jumped to conclusions too quickly not taking into account that Tony Kearsley was still fully capable to fulfill all duties of a firefighter. They did not treat Mr. Kearsley as an equal after finding out he had a disability; this is an act of discrimination and this is illegal. The city of St. Catharines owes at the least these things to Mr. Tony Kearsley in return for their lack of knowledge towards him while doing their job. 4. In what ways in this case a question of human rights? This case is a question of human rights because it is strongly discriminating against disability in the workplace. The Ontario Human Rights Code provides in part: 5(1) Every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to employment without discrimination because of †¦ handicap. 10(1) â€Å"because of handicap† means for the reason that person has or had, or is believed to have or have had a) any degree of physical disability that is caused by illness. 17(1) a right of a person under this Act is not infringed for the reason only that the person is incapable of performing of fulfilling essential duties or requirements attending the exercise of the right because of handicap. It is obvious at once that a person with very bad eyesight is not discriminated against when refused a job as a truck driver nor a person with inadequate strength when refused a job as a police officer or firefighter. There is no doubt that St. Catharines considered that Mr. Kearsley had a physical disability, atrial fibrillation. The issue is whether St. Catharines was justified in concluding that because of this perceived disability; Mr. Kearsley was incapable of performing or fulfilling essential duties as a firefighter. It was later found out that Mr. Kearsley could indeed perform all duties as a firefighter, as he got hired by the City of Hamilton later that year. Therefore, Mr. Kearsley was discriminated against based on disability and this is without a doubt, a question of human rights.

Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc

Assyrian Warfare During Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort. The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 5:26-29. It reads, â€Å"He will whistle to them from the end of the earth; Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken; Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent; Their horses’ hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions; Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey; They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver.† Israel’s rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out. â€Å"Why were the Assyrians at war so much?† is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans’ weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals’ sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them. Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc Assyrian Warfare During Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort. The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 5:26-29. It reads, â€Å"He will whistle to them from the end of the earth; Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken; Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent; Their horses’ hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions; Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey; They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver.† Israel’s rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out. â€Å"Why were the Assyrians at war so much?† is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans’ weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals’ sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them.

Kargil War

Role of Media in Kargil Anshu Bhatia PGP2- 18012 Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction3 Literature Review3 Discussion of the case5 Analysis and conclusion6 Bibliography7 Abstract This paper attempts at evaluating the role of media in the Kargil war, which broke out in the summer of 1999, at a time when the Indian media was equipped enough to set the media agenda as well as present the war at an unprecedented scale.As mortals, we have never seen the war situations Palestine, Kashmir, Iraq or Afghanistan but only can perceive the images seen through media reportings. Therefore, many of our perceptions are based on the realism as created by the media owners. Introduction The function of media through which they frame the news stories is called as Agenda-setting function of media. In the words of McCombs (2002), in a typical daily newspaper, over 75 percent of the potential news of the day is rejected and never transmitted to the audience (p. ). (Maxwell E. McCombs, 1993) Media (or th e press) has been said to inhere three basic roles, also called as the â€Å"three I's†. i. e. information, interpretation, and interest. (The Press – The press's many roles). The limitation of media capacity to enable its thorough surveillant function explains their selectivity. Also called as the ‘Gatekeeping theory’ in mass communications, this along with Agenda setting media theory is closely related to Theory of Framing, according to which , gatekeepers (or the edia), certain parts of an event/news are given more attention than the rest. This incomplete revelation can lead to biased opinions amongst different sections of the society, but all the three theories seem to have one point of parity- Media is empowered, has an agenda and transmits only that information which it wants to be channelized across to the public. Literature Review â€Å"Journalists will say that war is too important to be left to generals. Reporting of war is too important to be l eft to reporters.Soldiers need to get involved in this. † -Maj Gen Patrick Brady – 1990 (former Public Relations Chief of US Army) (HALI, 2000, August ) As opposed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Kargil was the first war that witnessed an emerging technology driven media in the era of television. Indian media had experienced live war coverage and broadcast for the first time, and therefore exploited the opportunity to bring forth the war in front of the people as if it was being fought right in front of their naked eyes.With daily updates and minute detailing covered, it was also the first time for the Indian military when fearless correspondents and journalists , armed with their satellite artillery made sure they covered the Indian army’s every step towards victory to make us proud. It was rightly said after the First World War, is that â€Å"war not only creates a supply of news but a demand for it (Ajai K. Rai) .Media is definitely able to ‘sell war ’ to its consumers given that it’s targeting and coverage is able to engage its consumers, which are mostly geographically concentrated in areas related to war. Armed by legendary conflict stories with Pakistan since Partition, media enhanced the platform available during war to display Kargil at its best, with one side devoted to the coverage of acts of superordinate bravery on the patriotic Indian side, and Anti-Pakistan agenda to display an adequate palette of sellable war at Kargil. The essence of successful warfare is secrecy; the essence of successful journalism is publicity,† says the preface to the British Ministry of Defence (MoD's) instructions to Task-Force bound correspondents during the Falklands war. (Ajai K. Rai) Military on one side is a hierarchical, disciplined and a closed culture contrasting to the independent and blurred code of conduct inhering Media. The latter is believed to have vested interest with prior set of goals for the agenda setti ng.Also known as the Fourth Estate, Media acted as the Force Multiplier during the War of Kargil, where it not only helped built public awareness about the intriguing war but also played a crucial role in enhancing public morale by disseminating information about activities of the Military to their friends and families. Media, especially television media has always been debated to have shown the ‘real war’ that arguably been far away from ‘reality’.At times deviated from its root purpose of information dissemination, and masked by ‘entertainment mantras’, often the images and broadcast are televised in a manner to sensationalize the eyeballs of its viewers. During Kargil, Military on one side, was biased with the emerged Media perceptions of narrating ‘Masala-extrapolated-tales’ which according to them could harm their efforts at war. On the other hand, to set the right sellable agenda for the war, Media had to equip itself with th e right policy interventions allowed at the right war locations to make the coverage a successful live war show for its viewers.According to Bernard Cohen's conceptualization, â€Å"The press is significantly more than a purveyor of information and opinion. It may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. † (The Press – The press's many roles) Informational dissemination role of media is always accompanied by Interpretation, often stirring public interest. It was during Kargil, that the main functional aspect of media as ‘agenda setting’ was argued in public discourses.Media in compliance with the Government played a pivotal role in determining role of media, route of communication vehicles and defined their agenda as ‘framers’ for the Kargil war’s narration to the public with immediate effect. Kargil saw the media as being harnessed as the mass channels for portraying the goodwill of the existing Vajpayee –NDA government as well as the justification of the war. Where on one side, the government made sure the agenda was rightly set to harness it for vote bank for the 13th Indian General Elections, held a few months after the KargilWar. Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s pivotal role as an anchor, a ‘de facto Head of State’ during the Kargil war helped the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) attain a majority reinstating him as Prime Minister. Media can play very important roles in War and peace making. On one hand, Media could forge bonds between conflicting nations but, Media under strict scrutiny by the Central government agencies was regulated to portray the implacability of the enemy nation at the war front with their anti-social strategies.Also, media was mobilized to gather the nation under the banner of national integrity to foster patriotism among civilians and enhance their involvement with the war, inclusive of their roles both as spectators as well as participants at war. Discussion of the case War reporters, during Kargil were portrayed as extraordinary individuals who risked their lives without any means of self defence to garner news for public information. It was observed that media reporters, Journalists, photographers and media personnel returning from Kargil LOC ceased to be mere observers but, eventually had become participants in war. It may be argued that Reporters employed operated upon a unanimously agreed agenda by print and television media, but at the same time it can also be said that they were ‘sole masters’ of decisions determining not only which news stories/or war fronts were covered in their narrations but also how were they framed for the public.Therefore, not only are the stories in media biased by society’s cultural, political and economic biases but also by individual preferences For television coverage, where Cost of news acquisition set out during Kargil by media owners was huge, the agenda setting process was impacted by their commercial considerations to a great extent. Much announced by the media to be telecasting ‘eye-witnessed real war news’, the images, video clips and narration can be debated that ‘Kargil news was never value free, form the individual reporter or media house’s point of view.The mere dilemma that whether a reporter’s news was free from his comments questions the epistemology of value-free information and its dissemination. The relationship between the Audiences and Media can be interestingly questioned on what the media perceives the Audiences desire to what the Audiences actually expect the media’s role to be. Kargil can be established as a benchmark for Indian media where, the public on one hand emanded maximum disclosure of the first televised war; on the other hand they understood the security deterrents that were attached to the sa me. The ‘Vietnam Syndrome’ till date reminds people that wars can be lost due to the total freedom and access provided to the media in their coverage of the war. (HALI, 2000, August ) The ‘right to know’ was not much demanded as a necessity by the masses given the fact that the war was being just and the national integrity and patriotic flavoured gains were much more than the price of death of Indian soldiers at the war front.Audiences expect the real war to be shown but at the same time, are also driven by their rationality to avoid extreme visuals of war casualties, involving both soldiers as well as civilians. To analyse the sheer brilliance of strategic operations by media analysts and planners during Kargil , one must take into account the efficient use of media to save India from the mangling received on the LOC as well as the snow capped peaks of Kargil.Indian media mobilized its resources as a response to the Kargil crisis and should be given credib ility for organizing programmes, handling syndication and conducting in-depth analysis and discussions on television as well as print about Kargil, helping to stir the right essence of Patriotism amongst Indians along with establishing the goodwill of Government support. The wide array of coverage was designed and channelled successfully to convince political as well as social diplomats worldwide that it was Pakistan who had caused many grievances to the Indian side.To dupe our own Indian masses, the Chanakyan principles of deceit and lies were fully utilized to their greatest advantage (Kapila, 2009) In order to support their campaign headstrong, one of the most communist decisions by the duality of Government and media was to act as a barricade by blocking Pakistani e-newspapers on the Internet, to ban PTV from the cable networks across the nation, minimize the causality broadcast of Indian soldiers but exaggerate the defeated (and dead) army of the enemy nation.Instead, internet was used a strategic weapon to market their content in such a designed way so as to strengthen the agenda setting and help spread the propaganda. An exclusive website called as www. vijayinkargil. com. Officially trained personnel to handle PR effectively controlled the content that went online, such that any truth about crafted claims regarding any victory or casualties could not be even verified. Amongst the crafted news due to the lip service of the Indian overnment along with media included falsehood spread by telecasting lies like Tiger hill,Mirage-2000 HUD displays with manipulated information on TV News Channel like BBC, CNN a and the likes. Masses were made to believe what they saw or interact with content prepared by media. In a way, it can be said that although media did not tell the masses what to think, they effectively filtered the unfavourable and designed new content such that the propaganda for Kargil success with Patriotic fervour could resonate with equal consisten cy across Indian, not only in india but worldwide. HALI, 2000, August ) The very process by which media gathered reports at source, packaged and disseminated to a wider audience was constrained by a an array of influences ranging from broadcasting protocols and standards, battlefield censorship by the Military, delusory and misleading information campaigns controlled by the central government propaganda. This created the famously known ‘Fog of war’ during the times of Kargil.Unfortunately, although Historians should occupy the front seat in drafting of information for Kargil, the ‘first cut prepared draft of history for Kargil’ prepared by the Media Journalists had so widely been discussed and consumed by the masses that it is due to this reason, that Historians had to and will continue to dislodge the contaminants that were reasons of causing the Fog of war. (Tasneem, 2011, March) Analysis and conclusion â€Å"Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets† —Napoleon Media as a force multiplier adds tremendous impact to the war-inflicted nations.Managing people’s perceptions of the military as a dedicated, sacrificing and dutiful organization is mandatory for nay nation; especially this was followed during Kargil times. Therefore, the need to maintain close and code of confidence between media and the Military was a mandate. (Ajay K. Rai, 2004) Apart from the blood-shed and casualities, Kargil shall be remembered in history for highly successful diplomatic media campaign. One of the most effective ways in which this was demonstrated was the fashion in which the media was censored from critical warfronts (Kargil, Dras or Batalik sector) or from volatile surety information’s.Emotional and patriotic flavoured appeals were instrumented as catalysts by the government and military to mobilize the Media to the best of their media agenda. The revolution in information technology from radio as the media during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971to widespread digitization, enhanced channelled communication methodologies and airpower employment during the Kargil war, 1999, has become the journey through which appropriate lessons have been learnt and assimilated by the Military as well as the media to work hand-in hand for any crisis that occurs in the future.A joint engagement for study of security issues (posed by real time reporting by media personnel from the battlefield) was one of the significant post war actions that were taken up for mutual benefit. (Ajay K. Rai, 2004) Thus , best of technology and public relations management helped Kargil anchors manage the ‘ Media Spin’ effectively such that today, India as a diverse and integral nation would always utilize the power of Media both as a ‘ Force Multiplier’ to help root the Agenda setting as well as a ‘Weapon of War’.This has led to increased relevance and importance being laid down i n public discourses as well as central standards and protocols for masses to lay greater emphasis on the role of media in war. (HALI, 2000, August )Bibliography Ajai K. Rai, R. F. (n. d. ). Media at War: Issues and Limitations. http://www. idsa-india. org/an-dec-00-6. html . Ajay K. Rai, R. F. (2004). Military-Media Interface: Changing Paradigms New Challenges. IDSA . HALI, G. C. (2000, August ). The Role of Media in War. Defence Journal , http://www. defencejournal. com/2000/aug/role-media-war. htm. Kapila, D. S. (2009).THE ROLE OF INDIAN MEDIA IN PROXY WAR AND TERRORISM. IntelliBriefs . Maxwell E. McCombs, U. o. (1993). The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas. Journal of Communicationn 43(2), Spring. 0021-9916/93 , 58-67. Tasneem. (2011, March). How media influenced Kargil. Merinews – Power to People , http://www. merinews. com/article/how-media-influenced-the-kargil-war/15844256. shtml. The Press – The press's many rol es. (n. d. ). Encyclopedia of the New American Nation , http://www. americanforeignrelations. com/O-W/The-Press-The-press-s-many-roles. html#b.

Thuy Linh

It was just a holiday, but it changed my life Holidays can be good for your health. You lie on a beach and relax, and tensions disappear. But sometimes a holiday can change your life completely, which is what happened 2 years ago to Victoria Smith and Sally Gook. Victoria Smith 6 years ago, was working as a manager at Next, a British chain store. Then she went on holiday to Bomeo.. † It was a working holiday†, said Victoria, â€Å"where you could study orang-utans in the wild- I have always been interested in apes, so I thought it would be fun†.The holiday was wonderful, and when Victoria came home she found it very difficult to return to her old life. â€Å"Suddenly the problems in the store just seemed so trivial. Although everybody told her she was mad. she decided to go back to university and study biology. 4 years later she became a chimpanzee keeper. for the last 2 years Victoria has been working at monkey world, a centre in south-west england which looks af ter apes which have been ill-treated. Many have been rescued from laboratories and circuses all over the world. She works long hours, and the pay isn't very good, but she loves it. Apes are like a big family, each with their own personality'. ‘I'm really happy now. Since I started working here I feel that I've been doing something important, not just wasting my life'. Sally Gook wakes up every morning to a deep blue sky and blazing sun. For the last 2 years she has been living on the tiny Greek island of Lipsi, which is only 16 square km in size and has a population of just 650. But until a few years ago she lived in Lonndon. ‘I was working for American Express and I had to get up very early every morning, often in horrible weather, and get a train and the tube to work.Then one day she and a friend decided they needed a relaxing holiday, and they came to Lipsi. ‘I loved it'- the people, the mountains, the sun, and the delicious food. Suddenly I knew there was a dif ferent which has organized her holiday. Since then she has been living on Lipsi and working as a tourist guide. Her boyfriend, who is Greek, is a farmer. Sally said, I've only been back to London once, and I can't imagine ever living there again'. Do ch? la m? t k? ngh? , nhung no da thay d? i cu? c s? ng c? a toi Ngay l? co th? du? c t? t cho s? c kh? e c? a b? n. Quy v? n? m tren m? t bai bi? va thu gian, va cang th? ng bi? n m? t. Nhung doi khi m? t k? ngh? co th? thay d? i hoan toan cu? c s? ng c? a b? n, do la nh? ng gi da x? y ra 2 nam tru? c Victoria Smith va Sally Gook. Victoria Smith 6 nam tru? c, da lam vi? c nhu m? t ngu? i qu? n ly t? i Ti? p theo, m? t chu? i c? a hang c? a Anh. Sau do, co da di ngh? ? Bomeo .. â€Å"Do la m? t ngay ngh? lam vi? c†, cho bi? t Victoria, â€Å"noi b? n co th? nghien c? u du? i uoi hoang da Toi da luon luon quan tam d? n loai kh? , vi v? y toi nghi r? ng no s? du? c vui v? â€Å". Cac k? ngh? tuy? t v? i, va khi Victoria tr? v? nh a, co th? y r? t kho d? quay tr? l? cu? c s? ng cu c? a minh. â€Å"D? t nhien, nh? ng v? n d? trong c? a hang ch? co v? r? t t? m thu? ng M? c du t? t c? m? i ngu? i noi v? i co la ngu? i dien. Co quy? t d? nh tr? l? i tru? ng d? i h? c va nghien c? u sinh h? c. 4 nam sau do, co da tr? thanh m? t th? mon tinh tinh. trong 2 nam qua, Victoria da du? c lam vi? c t? i th? gi? i con kh? , m? t trung tam ? phia tay nam nu? c Anh, sau khi loai vu? n da b? ?m du? c di? u tr?. Nhi? u ngu? i da du? c c? u thoat kh? i phong thi nghi? m va r? p xi? c tren toan th? gi? i. Co ? y lam vi? c nhi? u gi? , va ti? n luong khong ph? i la r? t t? t, nhung co ? yeu no Apes gi? ng nhu m? t gia dinh l? n, d? u co ca tinh rieng c? a h?. â€Å"Toi th? c s? h? nh phuc. K? t? khi toi b? t d? u lam vi? c ? day, toi c? m th? y r? ng toi da lam m? t cai gi do quan tr? ng, khong ch? lang phi cu? c s? ng c? a toi. Sally Gook th? c d? y m? i bu? i sang m? t b? u tr? i xanh th? m va m? t tr? i r? c. Trong 2 nam qu a, co da s? ng tren hon d? o Hy L? p nh? be c? a Lipsi, do la ch? co 16 km vuong va co dan s? ch? 650. Tuy nhien, cho d? n khi m? t vai nam tru? c day, co da s? ng trong Lonndon. â€Å"Toi da lam vi? c cho American Express va toi da ph? i d? y r? t s? m vao m? i bu? sang, thu? ng trong th? i ti? t kh? ng khi? p, va co du? c m? t xe l? a va ? ng d? lam vi? c. Sau do m? t ngay co va m? t ngu? i b? n quy? t d? nh h? c? n m? t k? ngh? thu gian, va h? da d? Lipsi. â€Å"Toi yeu it' nh? ng ngu? i, nh? ng ng? n nui, m? t tr? i, va th? c an ngon. D? t nhien, toi bi? t co m? t khac nhau ma da t? ch? c ngay ngh? c? a minh. K? t? do, co da du? c s? ng tren Lipsi va lam vi? c nhu la m? t hu? ng d? n vien du l? ch. B? n trai c? a co, la ngu? i Hy L? p, la m? t nong dan. Sally noi, toi da ch? tr? l? i London m? t l? n, va toi khong th? tu? ng tu? ng bao gi? s? ng ? do m? t l? n n? a ‘.

Psychology Essays

Psychology Essays Psychology Essay Psychology Essay Discussions Name: Course: Date: Chattel 1950 A sentiment structure is deeper, more widely ramifying in the personality, usually established earlier, and accompanied in its function by more emotion Chattel, 1946. It is an environmental-mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. A sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as persons community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Attitudes An attitude is more transient and emotionally more superficial. It arises from the impact of a sentiment upon a particular situation Chattel, 1946. Chattel defined attitudes as our interests in our and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. As Chattel applied the term, it does not refer exclusively to an opinion for or against something, which is a commonplace usage of the word attitude. Substantiations that within the personality some elements subsidiaries, or are subordinate to, other elements. Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. These relationships are expressed by Chattel in what he called the dynamic lattice. Schultz and Schultz 2005 Dynamic Lattice Our motivating forces, the ergs are listed at the right. Sentiments are indicated in the circles at the center of the diagram. Note that each sentiment is subsidiary to one or more ergs. The attitudes, at the left show the persons feelings and behaviors toward an object. Chattels Approach to Personality Traits Traits -TO Chattel, traits are reaction tendencies, derived by the method Of factor analysis, that are rel atively permanent parts of the personality. Common Traits possessed in some degree by all persons. Unique traits Traits possessed by one or a few persons. Us reface traits Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. Source traits Stable, permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis. Source traits are classified by their origin as either constitutional traits or environmental mold traits. Constitutional Traits Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics. Environmental- mold traits Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions. Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality After more than two decades of intensive factor-analytic research, Chattel identified 16 source traits as the basic factors of personality (Chattel, 1965). These factors are best known in the form in which they are most often used, in an objective personality test called the Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PR) Questionnaire According to trait theory, human personality is composed of a number of broad traits or dispositions. Raymond Chattel was able to use a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. By doing this, he was able to reduce his list to 16 key personality factors. There is a continuum of personality traits. In other words, each person contains all of these 1 6 traits to a certain degree, but they might be high in some traits and low in others. The following personality trait list describes some of the descriptive terms used for each of the 1 6 personality emissions described by Chattel. 16 Personality Factors (1 APP) HIGH SCORES LOW SCORES Stages of Personality Development Chattel proposed six stages in the development of personality covering the entire life span. Stage Age Development Infancy Birth-?engaging; toilet training formation Of ego, superego, and social attitudes Childhood- 6-14 Independence from parents and identification with peers Adolescence 14-23 Conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex Maturity 23-?50 Satisfaction with career, ma ridge, and family Late maturity-50-65 Personality changes in response to physical ND social circumstances Old age 65 Adjustment to loss of friends, career, and status Trait Approach STRENGTHS It supports the general image in the society that leaders are a special kind of people who can do extraordinary things. People have a need to see their leaders as gifted people, and the trait approach fulfills this need. WA second strength is that the trait approach has a long research tradition and a significant body of research data that support this approach. V The trait approach focuses only on the leader and analysis very thoroughly this component in the leadership process. The trait approach has given us mom benchmarks for what we need to look for if we want to be leaders. V Descriptive emphasis; assessment; intuitively appealing; involves a lot of research; provides a Way to evaluate attributes Elapsing why many characteristics of people do not change and it allows you to predict some behavior with fair accuracy. The approach is very scientific and has greatly influenced psychology. WEAKNESSES Lack of explanation; measurement of traits is difficult; ignores situational factors; poor reliability due to ones constant change in behavior LAP That in its purest theoretical form it doesnt permit much change and it appears stagnant.

Ted Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Accident

Ted Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Accident Around midnight on the night of July 18-19, 1969, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy had left a party and was driving his black Oldsmobile sedan when it went off a bridge and landed in Poucha Pond on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Kennedy survived the accident but his passenger, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, did not. Kennedy fled the scene and did not report the accident for nearly ten hours. Although Ted Kennedy was subjected to a subsequent investigation and proceedings, he was not charged with causing Kopechne’s death; a point that many contend was a direct result of Kennedy-family connections. The Chappaquiddick incident remained a scar on Ted Kennedy’s reputation and thus prevented him from making a serious run at becoming president of the United States. Ted Kennedy Becomes a Senator Edward Moore Kennedy, better known as Ted, graduated from the University of Virginia Law School in 1959 and then followed in his older brother John’s footsteps when he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in November 1962. By 1969, Ted Kennedy was married with three children and was lining himself up to become a presidential candidate, just like his older brothers John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy had done before him. The events on the night of July 18-19 would change those plans. The Party Begins It had been just over a year since the assassination of US Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy; so Ted Kennedy and his cousin, Joseph Gargan, planned a small reunion for a few, select individuals who had worked on RFK’s campaign. The get-together was scheduled for Friday and Saturday, July 18-19, 1969, on the island of Chappaquiddick (located just to the east of Martha’s Vineyard), coinciding with the area’s annual sailing regatta.  The small get-together was to be a cookout with barbecued steaks, hors-doeuvres, and drinks held at a rented house called Lawrence Cottage. Kennedy arrived around 1 pm on July 18 and then raced in the regatta with his boat Victoria until about 6 pm. After checking into his hotel, the Shiretown Inn in Edgartown (on the island of Martha’s Vineyard), Kennedy changed his clothes, crossed the channel that separated the two islands via a ferry, and arrived around 7:30 pm at the Cottage on Chappaquiddick. Most of the other guests arrived by 8:30 pm for the party. Among those at the party were a group of six young women known as the â€Å"boiler room girls,† as their desks had been located in the mechanical room of the campaign building. These young women had bonded during their experience on the campaign and looked forward to reuniting on Chappaquiddick. One of these young women was 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy and Kopechne Leave the Party Shortly after 11 pm, Kennedy announced his intentions to leave the party. His chauffeur, John Crimmins, was still finishing his dinner so, although it was extremely rare for Kennedy to drive himself, he asked Crimmins for the car keys, reportedly so he could leave on his own. Kennedy claimed that Kopechne asked him to give her a ride back to her hotel when he mentioned he was leaving. Ted Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne got into Kennedy’s car together; Kopechne told no one where she was going and left her pocketbook at the Cottage. The exact details of what happened next are largely unknown. After the incident, Kennedy stated that he thought he was heading toward the ferry; however, instead of turning left from the main road to head to the ferry, Kennedy had turned right, driving down the unpaved Dyke Road, which ended at a secluded beach. Along this road was the old Dyke Bridge, which did not contain a guardrail. Traveling approximately 20 miles per hour, Kennedy missed the slight turn to the left needed to make it safely onto and across the bridge. His 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88 went off the right side of the bridge and plunged into Poucha Pond, where it landed upside down in about eight to ten feet of water. Kennedy Flees the Scene Somehow, Kennedy was able to free himself from the vehicle and swim to shore, where he claimed that he called out for Kopechne. Per his description of events, Kennedy then made several attempts to reach her in the vehicle but soon exhausted himself. After resting, he walked back to the Cottage, where he asked for help from Joseph Gargan and Paul Markham. Gargan and Markham returned to the scene with Kennedy and made additional attempts to rescue Kopechne. When they were unsuccessful, they took Kennedy to the ferry landing and left him there, assuming he was going back to Edgartown to report the accident. Gargan and Markham returned to the party and did not contact the authorities because they believed Kennedy was about to do so. The Next Morning Later testimony by Ted Kennedy claims that instead of taking the ferry across the channel between the two islands (it had stopped working around midnight), he swam across. After eventually reaching the other side utterly exhausted, Kennedy walked to his hotel. He still did not report the accident. The next morning, around 8:00 am, Kennedy met Gargan and Markham at his hotel and told them that he hadn’t yet reported the accident because he â€Å"somehow believed that when the sun came up and it was a new morning that what had happened the night before would not have happened and did not happen.†* Even then, Kennedy did not go to the police. Instead, Kennedy returned to Chappaquiddick so that he could make a private phone call to an old friend, hoping to ask for advice. Only then did Kennedy take the ferry back to Edgartown and report the accident to the police, doing so just before 10 am (nearly ten hours after the accident). The police, however, already knew about the accident. Before Kennedy made his way to the police station, a fisherman had spotted the overturned car and contacted the authorities. At approximately 9 am, a diver brought Kopechne’s body to the surface. Kennedy’s Punishment and Speech One week after the accident, Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident. He was sentenced to two months in prison; however, the prosecution agreed to suspend the sentence upon the defense attorney’s request based on Kennedy’s age and reputation for community service. That evening, July 25, 1969, Ted Kennedy delivered a brief speech that was televised nationally by several television networks. He began by sharing his reasons for being in Martha’s Vineyard and noted that the only reason his wife did not accompany him was due to health issues (she was in the midst of a difficult pregnancy at that time; she later miscarried). He went on to share that there was no reason to suspect himself and Kopechne of immoral conduct, as Kopechne (and the other â€Å"boiler room girls†) were all of impeccable character. Kennedy also stated that the events surrounding the accident were somewhat cloudy; however, he distinctly recalled making specific efforts to save Kopechne, both alone and with the assistance of Garghan and Markham. Still, Kennedy himself described his inaction of not calling for the police immediately as â€Å"indefensible.† After relaying his take on the sequence of events that occurred that night, Kennedy stated that he was considering resigning from the U.S. Senate. He hoped the people of Massachusetts would give him advice and help him decide. Kennedy ended the speech by quoting a passage from John F. Kennedy’s Profiles in Courage and then implored that he be able to move on and make further contributions to the well-being of society. Inquest and Grand Jury In January 1970, six months after the accident, an inquest into Mary Jo Kopechne’s death occurred, with Judge James A. Boyle presiding. The inquest was kept secret at the request of Kennedy’s lawyers. Boyle found Kennedy negligent of unsafe driving and could have provided support for a possible charge of manslaughter; however, the district attorney, Edmund Dinis, chose not to press charges. Findings from the inquest were released that spring. In April 1970, a grand jury was called to examine the events surrounding the night of July 18-19. The grand jury was advised by Dinis that there was not enough evidence to indict Kennedy on charges related to the incident. They did call four witnesses who had not testified previously; however, they ultimately decided not to indict Kennedy on any charges. After Effects of Chappaquiddick Aside from the tarnish on his reputation, the only immediate impact of this incident on Ted Kennedy was a temporary suspension of his driver’s license, ending in November 1970. This inconvenience would pale in comparison to the effects on his reputation. Kennedy, himself, noted shortly after the incident that he would not run for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential election campaign as a result of the event. It is also believed by many historians to have prevented him from a run in 1976. In 1979, Kennedy began the motions towards challenging incumbent Jimmy Carter for the Democratic Party nomination. Carter selectively referenced the incident at Chappaquiddick and Kennedy ended up losing to him during the primary campaign. Senator Kennedy Despite a lack of momentum towards the office of president, Ted Kennedy was successfully reelected to the Senate seven more times. In 1970, one year after Chappaquiddick, Kennedy was reelected by winning 62% of the vote. Throughout his tenure, Kennedy was recognized as an advocate for the economically less fortunate, a supporter of civil rights, and a huge proponent of universal health care. He died in 2009 at the age of 77; his death the result of a malignant brain tumor. * Ted Kennedy as quoted in transcripts of the inquest on January 5, 1970 (p. 11)