Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc

Assyrian Warfare During Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort. The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 5:26-29. It reads, â€Å"He will whistle to them from the end of the earth; Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken; Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent; Their horses’ hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions; Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey; They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver.† Israel’s rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out. â€Å"Why were the Assyrians at war so much?† is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans’ weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals’ sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them. Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc Assyrian Warfare During Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort. The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 5:26-29. It reads, â€Å"He will whistle to them from the end of the earth; Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken; Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent; Their horses’ hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions; Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey; They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver.† Israel’s rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out. â€Å"Why were the Assyrians at war so much?† is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans’ weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals’ sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them.

Kargil War

Role of Media in Kargil Anshu Bhatia PGP2- 18012 Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction3 Literature Review3 Discussion of the case5 Analysis and conclusion6 Bibliography7 Abstract This paper attempts at evaluating the role of media in the Kargil war, which broke out in the summer of 1999, at a time when the Indian media was equipped enough to set the media agenda as well as present the war at an unprecedented scale.As mortals, we have never seen the war situations Palestine, Kashmir, Iraq or Afghanistan but only can perceive the images seen through media reportings. Therefore, many of our perceptions are based on the realism as created by the media owners. Introduction The function of media through which they frame the news stories is called as Agenda-setting function of media. In the words of McCombs (2002), in a typical daily newspaper, over 75 percent of the potential news of the day is rejected and never transmitted to the audience (p. ). (Maxwell E. McCombs, 1993) Media (or th e press) has been said to inhere three basic roles, also called as the â€Å"three I's†. i. e. information, interpretation, and interest. (The Press – The press's many roles). The limitation of media capacity to enable its thorough surveillant function explains their selectivity. Also called as the ‘Gatekeeping theory’ in mass communications, this along with Agenda setting media theory is closely related to Theory of Framing, according to which , gatekeepers (or the edia), certain parts of an event/news are given more attention than the rest. This incomplete revelation can lead to biased opinions amongst different sections of the society, but all the three theories seem to have one point of parity- Media is empowered, has an agenda and transmits only that information which it wants to be channelized across to the public. Literature Review â€Å"Journalists will say that war is too important to be left to generals. Reporting of war is too important to be l eft to reporters.Soldiers need to get involved in this. † -Maj Gen Patrick Brady – 1990 (former Public Relations Chief of US Army) (HALI, 2000, August ) As opposed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Kargil was the first war that witnessed an emerging technology driven media in the era of television. Indian media had experienced live war coverage and broadcast for the first time, and therefore exploited the opportunity to bring forth the war in front of the people as if it was being fought right in front of their naked eyes.With daily updates and minute detailing covered, it was also the first time for the Indian military when fearless correspondents and journalists , armed with their satellite artillery made sure they covered the Indian army’s every step towards victory to make us proud. It was rightly said after the First World War, is that â€Å"war not only creates a supply of news but a demand for it (Ajai K. Rai) .Media is definitely able to ‘sell war ’ to its consumers given that it’s targeting and coverage is able to engage its consumers, which are mostly geographically concentrated in areas related to war. Armed by legendary conflict stories with Pakistan since Partition, media enhanced the platform available during war to display Kargil at its best, with one side devoted to the coverage of acts of superordinate bravery on the patriotic Indian side, and Anti-Pakistan agenda to display an adequate palette of sellable war at Kargil. The essence of successful warfare is secrecy; the essence of successful journalism is publicity,† says the preface to the British Ministry of Defence (MoD's) instructions to Task-Force bound correspondents during the Falklands war. (Ajai K. Rai) Military on one side is a hierarchical, disciplined and a closed culture contrasting to the independent and blurred code of conduct inhering Media. The latter is believed to have vested interest with prior set of goals for the agenda setti ng.Also known as the Fourth Estate, Media acted as the Force Multiplier during the War of Kargil, where it not only helped built public awareness about the intriguing war but also played a crucial role in enhancing public morale by disseminating information about activities of the Military to their friends and families. Media, especially television media has always been debated to have shown the ‘real war’ that arguably been far away from ‘reality’.At times deviated from its root purpose of information dissemination, and masked by ‘entertainment mantras’, often the images and broadcast are televised in a manner to sensationalize the eyeballs of its viewers. During Kargil, Military on one side, was biased with the emerged Media perceptions of narrating ‘Masala-extrapolated-tales’ which according to them could harm their efforts at war. On the other hand, to set the right sellable agenda for the war, Media had to equip itself with th e right policy interventions allowed at the right war locations to make the coverage a successful live war show for its viewers.According to Bernard Cohen's conceptualization, â€Å"The press is significantly more than a purveyor of information and opinion. It may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. † (The Press – The press's many roles) Informational dissemination role of media is always accompanied by Interpretation, often stirring public interest. It was during Kargil, that the main functional aspect of media as ‘agenda setting’ was argued in public discourses.Media in compliance with the Government played a pivotal role in determining role of media, route of communication vehicles and defined their agenda as ‘framers’ for the Kargil war’s narration to the public with immediate effect. Kargil saw the media as being harnessed as the mass channels for portraying the goodwill of the existing Vajpayee –NDA government as well as the justification of the war. Where on one side, the government made sure the agenda was rightly set to harness it for vote bank for the 13th Indian General Elections, held a few months after the KargilWar. Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s pivotal role as an anchor, a ‘de facto Head of State’ during the Kargil war helped the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) attain a majority reinstating him as Prime Minister. Media can play very important roles in War and peace making. On one hand, Media could forge bonds between conflicting nations but, Media under strict scrutiny by the Central government agencies was regulated to portray the implacability of the enemy nation at the war front with their anti-social strategies.Also, media was mobilized to gather the nation under the banner of national integrity to foster patriotism among civilians and enhance their involvement with the war, inclusive of their roles both as spectators as well as participants at war. Discussion of the case War reporters, during Kargil were portrayed as extraordinary individuals who risked their lives without any means of self defence to garner news for public information. It was observed that media reporters, Journalists, photographers and media personnel returning from Kargil LOC ceased to be mere observers but, eventually had become participants in war. It may be argued that Reporters employed operated upon a unanimously agreed agenda by print and television media, but at the same time it can also be said that they were ‘sole masters’ of decisions determining not only which news stories/or war fronts were covered in their narrations but also how were they framed for the public.Therefore, not only are the stories in media biased by society’s cultural, political and economic biases but also by individual preferences For television coverage, where Cost of news acquisition set out during Kargil by media owners was huge, the agenda setting process was impacted by their commercial considerations to a great extent. Much announced by the media to be telecasting ‘eye-witnessed real war news’, the images, video clips and narration can be debated that ‘Kargil news was never value free, form the individual reporter or media house’s point of view.The mere dilemma that whether a reporter’s news was free from his comments questions the epistemology of value-free information and its dissemination. The relationship between the Audiences and Media can be interestingly questioned on what the media perceives the Audiences desire to what the Audiences actually expect the media’s role to be. Kargil can be established as a benchmark for Indian media where, the public on one hand emanded maximum disclosure of the first televised war; on the other hand they understood the security deterrents that were attached to the sa me. The ‘Vietnam Syndrome’ till date reminds people that wars can be lost due to the total freedom and access provided to the media in their coverage of the war. (HALI, 2000, August ) The ‘right to know’ was not much demanded as a necessity by the masses given the fact that the war was being just and the national integrity and patriotic flavoured gains were much more than the price of death of Indian soldiers at the war front.Audiences expect the real war to be shown but at the same time, are also driven by their rationality to avoid extreme visuals of war casualties, involving both soldiers as well as civilians. To analyse the sheer brilliance of strategic operations by media analysts and planners during Kargil , one must take into account the efficient use of media to save India from the mangling received on the LOC as well as the snow capped peaks of Kargil.Indian media mobilized its resources as a response to the Kargil crisis and should be given credib ility for organizing programmes, handling syndication and conducting in-depth analysis and discussions on television as well as print about Kargil, helping to stir the right essence of Patriotism amongst Indians along with establishing the goodwill of Government support. The wide array of coverage was designed and channelled successfully to convince political as well as social diplomats worldwide that it was Pakistan who had caused many grievances to the Indian side.To dupe our own Indian masses, the Chanakyan principles of deceit and lies were fully utilized to their greatest advantage (Kapila, 2009) In order to support their campaign headstrong, one of the most communist decisions by the duality of Government and media was to act as a barricade by blocking Pakistani e-newspapers on the Internet, to ban PTV from the cable networks across the nation, minimize the causality broadcast of Indian soldiers but exaggerate the defeated (and dead) army of the enemy nation.Instead, internet was used a strategic weapon to market their content in such a designed way so as to strengthen the agenda setting and help spread the propaganda. An exclusive website called as www. vijayinkargil. com. Officially trained personnel to handle PR effectively controlled the content that went online, such that any truth about crafted claims regarding any victory or casualties could not be even verified. Amongst the crafted news due to the lip service of the Indian overnment along with media included falsehood spread by telecasting lies like Tiger hill,Mirage-2000 HUD displays with manipulated information on TV News Channel like BBC, CNN a and the likes. Masses were made to believe what they saw or interact with content prepared by media. In a way, it can be said that although media did not tell the masses what to think, they effectively filtered the unfavourable and designed new content such that the propaganda for Kargil success with Patriotic fervour could resonate with equal consisten cy across Indian, not only in india but worldwide. HALI, 2000, August ) The very process by which media gathered reports at source, packaged and disseminated to a wider audience was constrained by a an array of influences ranging from broadcasting protocols and standards, battlefield censorship by the Military, delusory and misleading information campaigns controlled by the central government propaganda. This created the famously known ‘Fog of war’ during the times of Kargil.Unfortunately, although Historians should occupy the front seat in drafting of information for Kargil, the ‘first cut prepared draft of history for Kargil’ prepared by the Media Journalists had so widely been discussed and consumed by the masses that it is due to this reason, that Historians had to and will continue to dislodge the contaminants that were reasons of causing the Fog of war. (Tasneem, 2011, March) Analysis and conclusion â€Å"Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets† —Napoleon Media as a force multiplier adds tremendous impact to the war-inflicted nations.Managing people’s perceptions of the military as a dedicated, sacrificing and dutiful organization is mandatory for nay nation; especially this was followed during Kargil times. Therefore, the need to maintain close and code of confidence between media and the Military was a mandate. (Ajay K. Rai, 2004) Apart from the blood-shed and casualities, Kargil shall be remembered in history for highly successful diplomatic media campaign. One of the most effective ways in which this was demonstrated was the fashion in which the media was censored from critical warfronts (Kargil, Dras or Batalik sector) or from volatile surety information’s.Emotional and patriotic flavoured appeals were instrumented as catalysts by the government and military to mobilize the Media to the best of their media agenda. The revolution in information technology from radio as the media during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971to widespread digitization, enhanced channelled communication methodologies and airpower employment during the Kargil war, 1999, has become the journey through which appropriate lessons have been learnt and assimilated by the Military as well as the media to work hand-in hand for any crisis that occurs in the future.A joint engagement for study of security issues (posed by real time reporting by media personnel from the battlefield) was one of the significant post war actions that were taken up for mutual benefit. (Ajay K. Rai, 2004) Thus , best of technology and public relations management helped Kargil anchors manage the ‘ Media Spin’ effectively such that today, India as a diverse and integral nation would always utilize the power of Media both as a ‘ Force Multiplier’ to help root the Agenda setting as well as a ‘Weapon of War’.This has led to increased relevance and importance being laid down i n public discourses as well as central standards and protocols for masses to lay greater emphasis on the role of media in war. (HALI, 2000, August )Bibliography Ajai K. Rai, R. F. (n. d. ). Media at War: Issues and Limitations. http://www. idsa-india. org/an-dec-00-6. html . Ajay K. Rai, R. F. (2004). Military-Media Interface: Changing Paradigms New Challenges. IDSA . HALI, G. C. (2000, August ). The Role of Media in War. Defence Journal , http://www. defencejournal. com/2000/aug/role-media-war. htm. Kapila, D. S. (2009).THE ROLE OF INDIAN MEDIA IN PROXY WAR AND TERRORISM. IntelliBriefs . Maxwell E. McCombs, U. o. (1993). The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas. Journal of Communicationn 43(2), Spring. 0021-9916/93 , 58-67. Tasneem. (2011, March). How media influenced Kargil. Merinews – Power to People , http://www. merinews. com/article/how-media-influenced-the-kargil-war/15844256. shtml. The Press – The press's many rol es. (n. d. ). Encyclopedia of the New American Nation , http://www. americanforeignrelations. com/O-W/The-Press-The-press-s-many-roles. html#b.

Thuy Linh

It was just a holiday, but it changed my life Holidays can be good for your health. You lie on a beach and relax, and tensions disappear. But sometimes a holiday can change your life completely, which is what happened 2 years ago to Victoria Smith and Sally Gook. Victoria Smith 6 years ago, was working as a manager at Next, a British chain store. Then she went on holiday to Bomeo.. † It was a working holiday†, said Victoria, â€Å"where you could study orang-utans in the wild- I have always been interested in apes, so I thought it would be fun†.The holiday was wonderful, and when Victoria came home she found it very difficult to return to her old life. â€Å"Suddenly the problems in the store just seemed so trivial. Although everybody told her she was mad. she decided to go back to university and study biology. 4 years later she became a chimpanzee keeper. for the last 2 years Victoria has been working at monkey world, a centre in south-west england which looks af ter apes which have been ill-treated. Many have been rescued from laboratories and circuses all over the world. She works long hours, and the pay isn't very good, but she loves it. Apes are like a big family, each with their own personality'. ‘I'm really happy now. Since I started working here I feel that I've been doing something important, not just wasting my life'. Sally Gook wakes up every morning to a deep blue sky and blazing sun. For the last 2 years she has been living on the tiny Greek island of Lipsi, which is only 16 square km in size and has a population of just 650. But until a few years ago she lived in Lonndon. ‘I was working for American Express and I had to get up very early every morning, often in horrible weather, and get a train and the tube to work.Then one day she and a friend decided they needed a relaxing holiday, and they came to Lipsi. ‘I loved it'- the people, the mountains, the sun, and the delicious food. Suddenly I knew there was a dif ferent which has organized her holiday. Since then she has been living on Lipsi and working as a tourist guide. Her boyfriend, who is Greek, is a farmer. Sally said, I've only been back to London once, and I can't imagine ever living there again'. Do ch? la m? t k? ngh? , nhung no da thay d? i cu? c s? ng c? a toi Ngay l? co th? du? c t? t cho s? c kh? e c? a b? n. Quy v? n? m tren m? t bai bi? va thu gian, va cang th? ng bi? n m? t. Nhung doi khi m? t k? ngh? co th? thay d? i hoan toan cu? c s? ng c? a b? n, do la nh? ng gi da x? y ra 2 nam tru? c Victoria Smith va Sally Gook. Victoria Smith 6 nam tru? c, da lam vi? c nhu m? t ngu? i qu? n ly t? i Ti? p theo, m? t chu? i c? a hang c? a Anh. Sau do, co da di ngh? ? Bomeo .. â€Å"Do la m? t ngay ngh? lam vi? c†, cho bi? t Victoria, â€Å"noi b? n co th? nghien c? u du? i uoi hoang da Toi da luon luon quan tam d? n loai kh? , vi v? y toi nghi r? ng no s? du? c vui v? â€Å". Cac k? ngh? tuy? t v? i, va khi Victoria tr? v? nh a, co th? y r? t kho d? quay tr? l? cu? c s? ng cu c? a minh. â€Å"D? t nhien, nh? ng v? n d? trong c? a hang ch? co v? r? t t? m thu? ng M? c du t? t c? m? i ngu? i noi v? i co la ngu? i dien. Co quy? t d? nh tr? l? i tru? ng d? i h? c va nghien c? u sinh h? c. 4 nam sau do, co da tr? thanh m? t th? mon tinh tinh. trong 2 nam qua, Victoria da du? c lam vi? c t? i th? gi? i con kh? , m? t trung tam ? phia tay nam nu? c Anh, sau khi loai vu? n da b? ?m du? c di? u tr?. Nhi? u ngu? i da du? c c? u thoat kh? i phong thi nghi? m va r? p xi? c tren toan th? gi? i. Co ? y lam vi? c nhi? u gi? , va ti? n luong khong ph? i la r? t t? t, nhung co ? yeu no Apes gi? ng nhu m? t gia dinh l? n, d? u co ca tinh rieng c? a h?. â€Å"Toi th? c s? h? nh phuc. K? t? khi toi b? t d? u lam vi? c ? day, toi c? m th? y r? ng toi da lam m? t cai gi do quan tr? ng, khong ch? lang phi cu? c s? ng c? a toi. Sally Gook th? c d? y m? i bu? i sang m? t b? u tr? i xanh th? m va m? t tr? i r? c. Trong 2 nam qu a, co da s? ng tren hon d? o Hy L? p nh? be c? a Lipsi, do la ch? co 16 km vuong va co dan s? ch? 650. Tuy nhien, cho d? n khi m? t vai nam tru? c day, co da s? ng trong Lonndon. â€Å"Toi da lam vi? c cho American Express va toi da ph? i d? y r? t s? m vao m? i bu? sang, thu? ng trong th? i ti? t kh? ng khi? p, va co du? c m? t xe l? a va ? ng d? lam vi? c. Sau do m? t ngay co va m? t ngu? i b? n quy? t d? nh h? c? n m? t k? ngh? thu gian, va h? da d? Lipsi. â€Å"Toi yeu it' nh? ng ngu? i, nh? ng ng? n nui, m? t tr? i, va th? c an ngon. D? t nhien, toi bi? t co m? t khac nhau ma da t? ch? c ngay ngh? c? a minh. K? t? do, co da du? c s? ng tren Lipsi va lam vi? c nhu la m? t hu? ng d? n vien du l? ch. B? n trai c? a co, la ngu? i Hy L? p, la m? t nong dan. Sally noi, toi da ch? tr? l? i London m? t l? n, va toi khong th? tu? ng tu? ng bao gi? s? ng ? do m? t l? n n? a ‘.

Psychology Essays

Psychology Essays Psychology Essay Psychology Essay Discussions Name: Course: Date: Chattel 1950 A sentiment structure is deeper, more widely ramifying in the personality, usually established earlier, and accompanied in its function by more emotion Chattel, 1946. It is an environmental-mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. A sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as persons community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Attitudes An attitude is more transient and emotionally more superficial. It arises from the impact of a sentiment upon a particular situation Chattel, 1946. Chattel defined attitudes as our interests in our and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. As Chattel applied the term, it does not refer exclusively to an opinion for or against something, which is a commonplace usage of the word attitude. Substantiations that within the personality some elements subsidiaries, or are subordinate to, other elements. Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. These relationships are expressed by Chattel in what he called the dynamic lattice. Schultz and Schultz 2005 Dynamic Lattice Our motivating forces, the ergs are listed at the right. Sentiments are indicated in the circles at the center of the diagram. Note that each sentiment is subsidiary to one or more ergs. The attitudes, at the left show the persons feelings and behaviors toward an object. Chattels Approach to Personality Traits Traits -TO Chattel, traits are reaction tendencies, derived by the method Of factor analysis, that are rel atively permanent parts of the personality. Common Traits possessed in some degree by all persons. Unique traits Traits possessed by one or a few persons. Us reface traits Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. Source traits Stable, permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis. Source traits are classified by their origin as either constitutional traits or environmental mold traits. Constitutional Traits Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics. Environmental- mold traits Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions. Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality After more than two decades of intensive factor-analytic research, Chattel identified 16 source traits as the basic factors of personality (Chattel, 1965). These factors are best known in the form in which they are most often used, in an objective personality test called the Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PR) Questionnaire According to trait theory, human personality is composed of a number of broad traits or dispositions. Raymond Chattel was able to use a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. By doing this, he was able to reduce his list to 16 key personality factors. There is a continuum of personality traits. In other words, each person contains all of these 1 6 traits to a certain degree, but they might be high in some traits and low in others. The following personality trait list describes some of the descriptive terms used for each of the 1 6 personality emissions described by Chattel. 16 Personality Factors (1 APP) HIGH SCORES LOW SCORES Stages of Personality Development Chattel proposed six stages in the development of personality covering the entire life span. Stage Age Development Infancy Birth-?engaging; toilet training formation Of ego, superego, and social attitudes Childhood- 6-14 Independence from parents and identification with peers Adolescence 14-23 Conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex Maturity 23-?50 Satisfaction with career, ma ridge, and family Late maturity-50-65 Personality changes in response to physical ND social circumstances Old age 65 Adjustment to loss of friends, career, and status Trait Approach STRENGTHS It supports the general image in the society that leaders are a special kind of people who can do extraordinary things. People have a need to see their leaders as gifted people, and the trait approach fulfills this need. WA second strength is that the trait approach has a long research tradition and a significant body of research data that support this approach. V The trait approach focuses only on the leader and analysis very thoroughly this component in the leadership process. The trait approach has given us mom benchmarks for what we need to look for if we want to be leaders. V Descriptive emphasis; assessment; intuitively appealing; involves a lot of research; provides a Way to evaluate attributes Elapsing why many characteristics of people do not change and it allows you to predict some behavior with fair accuracy. The approach is very scientific and has greatly influenced psychology. WEAKNESSES Lack of explanation; measurement of traits is difficult; ignores situational factors; poor reliability due to ones constant change in behavior LAP That in its purest theoretical form it doesnt permit much change and it appears stagnant.

Ted Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Accident

Ted Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Accident Around midnight on the night of July 18-19, 1969, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy had left a party and was driving his black Oldsmobile sedan when it went off a bridge and landed in Poucha Pond on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Kennedy survived the accident but his passenger, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, did not. Kennedy fled the scene and did not report the accident for nearly ten hours. Although Ted Kennedy was subjected to a subsequent investigation and proceedings, he was not charged with causing Kopechne’s death; a point that many contend was a direct result of Kennedy-family connections. The Chappaquiddick incident remained a scar on Ted Kennedy’s reputation and thus prevented him from making a serious run at becoming president of the United States. Ted Kennedy Becomes a Senator Edward Moore Kennedy, better known as Ted, graduated from the University of Virginia Law School in 1959 and then followed in his older brother John’s footsteps when he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in November 1962. By 1969, Ted Kennedy was married with three children and was lining himself up to become a presidential candidate, just like his older brothers John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy had done before him. The events on the night of July 18-19 would change those plans. The Party Begins It had been just over a year since the assassination of US Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy; so Ted Kennedy and his cousin, Joseph Gargan, planned a small reunion for a few, select individuals who had worked on RFK’s campaign. The get-together was scheduled for Friday and Saturday, July 18-19, 1969, on the island of Chappaquiddick (located just to the east of Martha’s Vineyard), coinciding with the area’s annual sailing regatta.  The small get-together was to be a cookout with barbecued steaks, hors-doeuvres, and drinks held at a rented house called Lawrence Cottage. Kennedy arrived around 1 pm on July 18 and then raced in the regatta with his boat Victoria until about 6 pm. After checking into his hotel, the Shiretown Inn in Edgartown (on the island of Martha’s Vineyard), Kennedy changed his clothes, crossed the channel that separated the two islands via a ferry, and arrived around 7:30 pm at the Cottage on Chappaquiddick. Most of the other guests arrived by 8:30 pm for the party. Among those at the party were a group of six young women known as the â€Å"boiler room girls,† as their desks had been located in the mechanical room of the campaign building. These young women had bonded during their experience on the campaign and looked forward to reuniting on Chappaquiddick. One of these young women was 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy and Kopechne Leave the Party Shortly after 11 pm, Kennedy announced his intentions to leave the party. His chauffeur, John Crimmins, was still finishing his dinner so, although it was extremely rare for Kennedy to drive himself, he asked Crimmins for the car keys, reportedly so he could leave on his own. Kennedy claimed that Kopechne asked him to give her a ride back to her hotel when he mentioned he was leaving. Ted Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne got into Kennedy’s car together; Kopechne told no one where she was going and left her pocketbook at the Cottage. The exact details of what happened next are largely unknown. After the incident, Kennedy stated that he thought he was heading toward the ferry; however, instead of turning left from the main road to head to the ferry, Kennedy had turned right, driving down the unpaved Dyke Road, which ended at a secluded beach. Along this road was the old Dyke Bridge, which did not contain a guardrail. Traveling approximately 20 miles per hour, Kennedy missed the slight turn to the left needed to make it safely onto and across the bridge. His 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88 went off the right side of the bridge and plunged into Poucha Pond, where it landed upside down in about eight to ten feet of water. Kennedy Flees the Scene Somehow, Kennedy was able to free himself from the vehicle and swim to shore, where he claimed that he called out for Kopechne. Per his description of events, Kennedy then made several attempts to reach her in the vehicle but soon exhausted himself. After resting, he walked back to the Cottage, where he asked for help from Joseph Gargan and Paul Markham. Gargan and Markham returned to the scene with Kennedy and made additional attempts to rescue Kopechne. When they were unsuccessful, they took Kennedy to the ferry landing and left him there, assuming he was going back to Edgartown to report the accident. Gargan and Markham returned to the party and did not contact the authorities because they believed Kennedy was about to do so. The Next Morning Later testimony by Ted Kennedy claims that instead of taking the ferry across the channel between the two islands (it had stopped working around midnight), he swam across. After eventually reaching the other side utterly exhausted, Kennedy walked to his hotel. He still did not report the accident. The next morning, around 8:00 am, Kennedy met Gargan and Markham at his hotel and told them that he hadn’t yet reported the accident because he â€Å"somehow believed that when the sun came up and it was a new morning that what had happened the night before would not have happened and did not happen.†* Even then, Kennedy did not go to the police. Instead, Kennedy returned to Chappaquiddick so that he could make a private phone call to an old friend, hoping to ask for advice. Only then did Kennedy take the ferry back to Edgartown and report the accident to the police, doing so just before 10 am (nearly ten hours after the accident). The police, however, already knew about the accident. Before Kennedy made his way to the police station, a fisherman had spotted the overturned car and contacted the authorities. At approximately 9 am, a diver brought Kopechne’s body to the surface. Kennedy’s Punishment and Speech One week after the accident, Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident. He was sentenced to two months in prison; however, the prosecution agreed to suspend the sentence upon the defense attorney’s request based on Kennedy’s age and reputation for community service. That evening, July 25, 1969, Ted Kennedy delivered a brief speech that was televised nationally by several television networks. He began by sharing his reasons for being in Martha’s Vineyard and noted that the only reason his wife did not accompany him was due to health issues (she was in the midst of a difficult pregnancy at that time; she later miscarried). He went on to share that there was no reason to suspect himself and Kopechne of immoral conduct, as Kopechne (and the other â€Å"boiler room girls†) were all of impeccable character. Kennedy also stated that the events surrounding the accident were somewhat cloudy; however, he distinctly recalled making specific efforts to save Kopechne, both alone and with the assistance of Garghan and Markham. Still, Kennedy himself described his inaction of not calling for the police immediately as â€Å"indefensible.† After relaying his take on the sequence of events that occurred that night, Kennedy stated that he was considering resigning from the U.S. Senate. He hoped the people of Massachusetts would give him advice and help him decide. Kennedy ended the speech by quoting a passage from John F. Kennedy’s Profiles in Courage and then implored that he be able to move on and make further contributions to the well-being of society. Inquest and Grand Jury In January 1970, six months after the accident, an inquest into Mary Jo Kopechne’s death occurred, with Judge James A. Boyle presiding. The inquest was kept secret at the request of Kennedy’s lawyers. Boyle found Kennedy negligent of unsafe driving and could have provided support for a possible charge of manslaughter; however, the district attorney, Edmund Dinis, chose not to press charges. Findings from the inquest were released that spring. In April 1970, a grand jury was called to examine the events surrounding the night of July 18-19. The grand jury was advised by Dinis that there was not enough evidence to indict Kennedy on charges related to the incident. They did call four witnesses who had not testified previously; however, they ultimately decided not to indict Kennedy on any charges. After Effects of Chappaquiddick Aside from the tarnish on his reputation, the only immediate impact of this incident on Ted Kennedy was a temporary suspension of his driver’s license, ending in November 1970. This inconvenience would pale in comparison to the effects on his reputation. Kennedy, himself, noted shortly after the incident that he would not run for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential election campaign as a result of the event. It is also believed by many historians to have prevented him from a run in 1976. In 1979, Kennedy began the motions towards challenging incumbent Jimmy Carter for the Democratic Party nomination. Carter selectively referenced the incident at Chappaquiddick and Kennedy ended up losing to him during the primary campaign. Senator Kennedy Despite a lack of momentum towards the office of president, Ted Kennedy was successfully reelected to the Senate seven more times. In 1970, one year after Chappaquiddick, Kennedy was reelected by winning 62% of the vote. Throughout his tenure, Kennedy was recognized as an advocate for the economically less fortunate, a supporter of civil rights, and a huge proponent of universal health care. He died in 2009 at the age of 77; his death the result of a malignant brain tumor. * Ted Kennedy as quoted in transcripts of the inquest on January 5, 1970 (p. 11)

Soil Mechanics Exercises Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Soil Mechanics Exercises - Math Problem Example From the chart we have D10 = 0.2 D30 = 0.45 D60 = 1.20 So Coefficient of uniformity is = D60/D30 Cu = 1.20/0.2 = 6.0 And Coefficient of curvature of the soil is = D302/(D10 x D60) Cc = 0.452/(0.2 x 1.2) = 0.84375 (iv) From the particle size distribution chart we can see that the particles are distributed over a wide range. So, this is a well graded soil. ... 3 (a) At 0 m Total stress= ?= ?d hw +q = 16 (0) + 10 =10 Kpa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 (0)=0 Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 10 – 0 =10 Kpa At 1 m Total stress= ?= ?d hw +q = 16 (1) + 10 = 26 Kpa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 (0) = 0 Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 26 – 0 = 26 Kpa At 3 m Total stress= ?= ?d hw +q + ?sat (h – hw) = 16 + 10 + 20 (2) = 66 KPa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 x (2) = 19.62 Kpa Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 66 – 19.62 = 46.38 Kpa At 7 m Total stress= ?= ?d hw +q + ?sat (h – hw) = 16 + 10 + 20 (6) = 146 KPa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 x (6) = 58.86 Kpa Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 146 – 58.86 = 87.14 Kpa (b) Unit weight of silty sand = ?s= porosity * specific gravity * 9.81 = 0.54 x 2.61 x 9.81 = 14 kN/m3 Saturated weight of clay =?c= = = 17.82 kN/m3 At 0 m Total stress= ?= ?s h = 14 ( 0) = 0 Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 (0) =0 Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 0 At 2.5 m Total stress= ?= ?s h = 14 (2.5) = 35 KPa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 x (0) = 0 Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 35 - 0 = 35 Kpa At 5 m Total stress= ?= ?s h = 14 x 5 = 70 Kpa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 x (2.5) = 24.5 kPa Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 70 – 24.5 = 45.5 Kpa At 9 m Total stress= ?= ?s h +?c (h – 5) = 14 x 9 + 17.82 (4) = 197.3 KPa Pore pressure = u = ?w x (h – hw) = 9.81 x (6.5) = 63.76 Kpa Effective stress = ?’= ? – u = 197.3 – 63.76 = 133.54 Kpa Question No. 4 (a) Shear box apparatus The soil is contained in a box which has a separate top half and bottom half. A normal stress is

South Korea as the Most Sensitive Optimal Option Assignment

South Korea as the Most Sensitive Optimal Option - Assignment Example The country has also been found to have the lowest inflation rates meaning the stability of cost will be on high. The reliability of suppliers in the country can be interpreted to mean that the quality of products will be at an all-time high. With the best cumulative probability risk for cost labor, planning ahead for the cost of labor is possible. The probability of the cost changing is very low. All these builds on the weight measure trait of maximum cost stability. The infrastructure status of the country and the supplier reliability minimizes the cost of operation for the company. The high number of students enrolling in schools and the high number of people speaking English within the country, project an attainment of maximum geographical and demographic location. The second-ranked country is the Czech Republic with the best G.D.P growth, regional vehicle production, currency issuer credit rating, investment cost, supplier reliability and school enrolment. All these features are traits that propel the Czech Republic to be ranked the send best option after South Korea based on the four weight traits. The locally produced vehicles enable maximum use of the geographical and demographic location. The vehicles are customized to cover the terrains of the country more suitable than imported cars. An advantage of the locally produced vehicles is that they are affordable since there is no importation fee on them. The best decision is not perfect without any challenges. It is also surrounded by a number of challenges that make it not be an ideal situation. The Republic of South Korea is faced with a high corruption perception index, and labor cost. These were the two traits that ranked lowest compare to all the other nations. The investment cost and regional vehicle production of the country are moderate compared to the other countries.